Merge branch 'feat/tool'

rust-toolchain.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.85.0"

src/ast/graph.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ use petgraph::dot::{Config, Dot};
 use petgraph::graph::{Graph, NodeIndex};
 
 use crate::ast::types::{
-    BlockStmt, CompileUnit, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, Param, ReturnStmt,
-    Statement, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue,
+    BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfStmt, Param, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue, WhileStmt
 };
 
 pub type AstGraph = Graph<String, String>;
@@ -116,7 +115,11 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
                 let node = self.child(parent, stmt.to_string());
                 self.add_var_decl(node, var_decl);
                 node
-            }
+            },
+            Statement::If(if_stmt) => self.add_if_stmt(parent, if_stmt),
+            Statement::While(while_stmt) => self.add_while_stmt(parent, while_stmt),
+            Statement::Break(break_stmt) => self.add_break_stmt(parent, break_stmt),
+            Statement::Continue(continue_stmt) => self.add_continue_stmt(parent, continue_stmt),
         }
     }
 
@@ -126,7 +129,27 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
             None => self.child(parent, "Void"),
         }
     }
-
+    fn add_if_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, if_stmt: &IfStmt) -> NodeIndex {
+        let node = self.child(parent, if_stmt.to_string());
+        self.add_expr(node, &if_stmt.condition);
+        self.add_block_stmt(node, &if_stmt.then_branch);
+        if let Some(else_branch) = &if_stmt.else_branch {
+            self.add_block_stmt(node, else_branch);
+        }
+        node
+    }
+    fn add_while_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, while_stmt: &WhileStmt) -> NodeIndex {
+        let node = self.child(parent, while_stmt.to_string());
+        self.add_expr(node, &while_stmt.condition);
+        self.add_block_stmt(node, &while_stmt.body);
+        node
+    }
+    fn add_break_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, break_stmt: &BreakStmt) -> NodeIndex {
+        self.child(parent, break_stmt.to_string())
+    }
+    fn add_continue_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, continue_stmt: &ContinueStmt) -> NodeIndex {
+        self.child(parent, continue_stmt.to_string())
+    }
     fn add_expr(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, expr: &Expr) -> NodeIndex {
         match &expr.value {
             ExprValue::IntLit(_) | ExprValue::Var(_) => self.child(parent, expr.value.to_string()),
@@ -149,6 +172,11 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
                 self.add_expr(node, lvalue);
                 self.add_expr(node, rvalue);
                 node
+            },
+            ExprValue::UnaryOp { op: _, operand } => {
+                let node = self.child(parent, expr.value.to_string());
+                self.add_expr(node, operand);
+                node
             }
         }
     }

src/ast/types.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{diagnostic::span::Span, frontend::types::{TokenValue, TypeIdent}};
+use crate::{diagnostic::span::Span, frontend::types::{Token, TokenValue, TypeIdent}};
 use std::fmt;
 
 pub struct CompileUnit {
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ pub enum GlobalDeclStmt {
 
 pub struct VarDeclStmt {
     pub values: Vec<VarDeclStmtValue>,
-    pub span: Span,
+    pub data_type: Type,
+    pub type_span: Span,
 }
 pub struct VarDeclStmtValue {
     pub name: String,
-    pub var_type: Type,
-    pub span: Span,
+    pub name_span: Span,
 
 }
 
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ pub struct FuncDeclStmt {
     pub return_type: Type,
     pub params: Vec<Param>,
     pub body: BlockStmt,
-    pub span: Span,
+    pub ret_type_span: Span,
+    pub name_span: Span,
 }
 pub struct BlockStmt {
     pub statements: Vec<Statement>,
-    pub span: Span,
 }
 
 pub enum Statement {
@@ -37,16 +37,46 @@ pub enum Statement {
     Block(BlockStmt),
     Expr(Expr),
     VarDecl(VarDeclStmt),
+    If(IfStmt),
+    While(WhileStmt),
+    Break(BreakStmt),
+    Continue(ContinueStmt),
 }
-impl Statement {
-    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
-        match self {
-            Statement::Return(s) => s.span,
-            Statement::Block(s) => s.span,
-            Statement::Expr(s) => s.span,
-            Statement::VarDecl(s) => s.span,
-        }
-    }
+// impl Statement {
+//     pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+//         match self {
+//             Statement::Return(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::Block(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::Expr(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::VarDecl(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::If(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::While(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::Break(s) => s.span,
+//             Statement::Continue(s) => s.span,
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+pub struct IfStmt {
+    pub condition: Expr,
+    pub then_branch: BlockStmt,
+    pub ifelse_branch: Vec<IfElseBranch>,
+    pub else_branch: Option<BlockStmt>,
+    // pub span: Span,
+}
+pub struct IfElseBranch {
+    pub condition: Expr,
+    pub then_branch: BlockStmt,
+}
+pub struct WhileStmt {
+    pub condition: Expr,
+    pub body: BlockStmt,
+    // pub span: Span,
+}
+pub struct BreakStmt {
+    pub span: Span,
+}
+pub struct ContinueStmt {
+    pub span: Span,
 }
 pub struct ReturnStmt {
     pub value: Option<Expr>,
@@ -64,6 +94,10 @@ pub enum ExprValue {
         op: BinaryOp, 
         rhs: Box<Expr>
     },
+    UnaryOp {
+        op: UnaryOp,
+        operand: Box<Expr>,
+    },
     FuncCall(String, Vec<Expr>),
     Assign {
         lvalue: Box<Expr>, 
@@ -74,8 +108,13 @@ pub enum ExprValue {
 pub enum BinaryOp {
     Add, Sub, Mul, Div, Mod,
     Equal, NotEqual, Less, LessEqual, Greater, GreaterEqual,
+    And, Or,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum UnaryOp {
+    Add, Sub, Not,
+}
 impl BinaryOp {
     pub fn from_token_value(token_value: &TokenValue) -> Option<Self> {
         match token_value {
@@ -90,10 +129,20 @@ impl BinaryOp {
             TokenValue::LessEqual => Some(BinaryOp::LessEqual),
             TokenValue::Greater => Some(BinaryOp::Greater),
             TokenValue::GreaterEqual => Some(BinaryOp::GreaterEqual),
+            TokenValue::And => Some(BinaryOp::And),
+            TokenValue::Or => Some(BinaryOp::Or),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
+    pub fn is_logical(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, BinaryOp::And | BinaryOp::Or)
+    }
+    pub fn is_cmp(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, BinaryOp::Equal | BinaryOp::NotEqual | BinaryOp::Less | BinaryOp::LessEqual | BinaryOp::Greater | BinaryOp::GreaterEqual)
+    }
 }
+
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Type {
     Int,
@@ -110,7 +159,8 @@ impl From<TypeIdent> for Type {
 pub struct Param {
     pub name: String,
     pub param_type: Type,
-    pub span: Span,
+    pub name_span: Span,
+    pub type_span: Span,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for CompileUnit {
@@ -136,7 +186,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for VarDeclStmt {
 
 impl fmt::Display for VarDeclStmtValue {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{} {}", self.var_type, self.name)
+        write!(f, "{}", self.name)
     }
 }
 
@@ -159,16 +209,42 @@ impl fmt::Display for Statement {
             Statement::Block(_) => write!(f, "BlockStmt"),
             Statement::Expr(_) => write!(f, "ExprStmt"),
             Statement::VarDecl(_) => write!(f, "VarDeclStmt"),
+            Statement::If(_) => write!(f, "IfStmt"),
+            Statement::While(_) => write!(f, "WhileStmt"),
+            Statement::Break(_) => write!(f, "BreakStmt"),
+            Statement::Continue(_) => write!(f, "ContinueStmt"),
         }
     }
 }
-
+impl fmt::Display for IfStmt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "IfStmt")
+    }
+}
 impl fmt::Display for ReturnStmt {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "ReturnStmt")
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for WhileStmt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "WhileStmt")
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for BreakStmt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "BreakStmt")
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ContinueStmt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "ContinueStmt")
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for Expr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{}", self.value)
@@ -183,6 +259,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ExprValue {
             ExprValue::BinaryOp { op, .. } => write!(f, "BinaryOp({})", op),
             ExprValue::FuncCall(name, _) => write!(f, "FuncCall({})", name),
             ExprValue::Assign { .. } => write!(f, "Assign"),
+            ExprValue::UnaryOp { op, .. } => write!(f, "UnaryOp({})", op),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -207,11 +284,22 @@ impl fmt::Display for BinaryOp {
             BinaryOp::LessEqual => "<=",
             BinaryOp::Greater => ">",
             BinaryOp::GreaterEqual => ">=",
+            BinaryOp::And => "&&",
+            BinaryOp::Or => "||",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", op)
+    }
+}
+impl fmt::Display for UnaryOp {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let op = match self {
+            UnaryOp::Add => "+",
+            UnaryOp::Sub => "-",
+            UnaryOp::Not => "!",
         };
         write!(f, "{}", op)
     }
 }
-
 impl fmt::Display for Type {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {

src/backend/arm_instr.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{fmt::Display, ops::Add};
 
-use crate::backend::register_allocator::{REG_FP, REG_LR, REG_PC, REG_R0, REG_R1, REG_R2, REG_R3, REG_R12, REG_SP, Register};
+use crate::{backend::register_allocator::{REG_FP, REG_LR, REG_PC, REG_R0, REG_R1, REG_R2, REG_R3, REG_R12, REG_SP, Register}, ir::types::CmpOp as IRCmpOp};
 pub enum ARMInstr{
     Move(MoveInstr),
     Load(LoadInstr),
@@ -10,11 +10,14 @@ pub enum ARMInstr{
     SDiv(SDivInstr),
     Add(AddInstr),
     Sub(SubInstr),
+    Rsb(RsbInstr),
     Cmp(CmpInstr),
     Push(PushInstr),
     Pop(PopInstr),
     FunctionHead(String, usize),
     Bl(BlInstr),
+    B(BInstr),
+    Label(String),
 }
 
 impl Display for ARMInstr {
@@ -28,11 +31,14 @@ impl Display for ARMInstr {
             ARMInstr::SDiv(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Add(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Sub(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
+            ARMInstr::Rsb(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Cmp(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Push(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Pop(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::Bl(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
+            ARMInstr::B(instr) => write!(f, "{}", instr),
             ARMInstr::FunctionHead(name, align_size) => write!(f, ".align {}\n.global {}\n.type {}, %function\n{}:", align_size, name, name, name),
+            ARMInstr::Label(name) => write!(f, "{}:", name),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -56,6 +62,18 @@ pub enum ConditionCode {
     Gt,
     Ge,
 }
+impl From<IRCmpOp> for ConditionCode {
+    fn from(cmp_op: IRCmpOp) -> Self {
+        match cmp_op {
+            IRCmpOp::Eq => ConditionCode::Eq,
+            IRCmpOp::Ne => ConditionCode::Ne,
+            IRCmpOp::Lt => ConditionCode::Lt,
+            IRCmpOp::Le => ConditionCode::Le,
+            IRCmpOp::Gt => ConditionCode::Gt,
+            IRCmpOp::Ge => ConditionCode::Ge,
+        }
+    }
+}   
 impl Display for ConditionCode {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let code_str = match self {
@@ -89,6 +107,9 @@ impl MoveInstr {
     pub fn new_uncond(dest: Register, src: RegisterOrImm) -> ARMInstr {
         ARMInstr::Move(MoveInstr(None, dest, src))
     }
+    pub fn new_cond(condition: ConditionCode, dest: Register, src: RegisterOrImm) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::Move(MoveInstr(Some(condition), dest, src))
+    }
     pub fn new_sp_to_fp() -> ARMInstr {
         ARMInstr::Move(MoveInstr(None, REG_FP, RegisterOrImm::Reg(REG_SP)))
     }
@@ -205,20 +226,37 @@ impl SubInstr {
         ARMInstr::Sub(SubInstr(REG_SP, REG_SP, RegisterOrImm::Imm(offset)))
     }
 }
+
 impl Display for SubInstr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let SubInstr(dest, left, right) = self;
         write!(f, "sub {}, {}, {}", dest, left, right)
     }
 }
-pub struct CmpInstr(Register, Register);
+pub struct RsbInstr(Register, Register, RegisterOrImm);
+impl RsbInstr {
+    pub fn new(dest: Register, left: Register, right: RegisterOrImm) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::Rsb(RsbInstr(dest, left, right))
+    }
+}
+impl Display for RsbInstr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let RsbInstr(dest, left, right) = self;
+        write!(f, "rsb {}, {}, {}", dest, left, right)
+    }
+}
+pub struct CmpInstr(Register, RegisterOrImm);
 impl Display for CmpInstr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let CmpInstr(left, right) = self;
         write!(f, "cmp {}, {}", left, right)
     }
 }
-
+impl CmpInstr {
+    pub fn new(left: Register, right: RegisterOrImm) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::Cmp(CmpInstr(left, right))
+    }
+}
 pub struct PushInstr(Vec<Register>);
 impl PushInstr {
     pub fn new_push_fp_lr() -> ARMInstr {
@@ -272,16 +310,41 @@ impl Display for PopInstr {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct BlInstr(String);
+pub struct BlInstr(Option<ConditionCode>, String);
 impl Display for BlInstr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let BlInstr(func_name) = self;
-        write!(f, "bl {}", func_name)
+        match &self.0 {
+            Some(condition) => write!(f, "bl{} {}", condition, self.1),
+            None => write!(f, "bl {}", self.1),
+        }
     }
 }
 
 impl BlInstr {
-    pub fn new(func_name: String) -> ARMInstr {
-        ARMInstr::Bl(BlInstr(func_name))
+    pub fn new(label_name: String) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::Bl(BlInstr(None, label_name))
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_cond(condition: ConditionCode, label_name: String) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::Bl(BlInstr(Some(condition), label_name))
+    }
+}
+pub struct BInstr(Option<ConditionCode>, String);
+impl Display for BInstr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match &self.0 {
+            Some(condition) => write!(f, "b{} {}", condition, self.1),
+            None => write!(f, "b {}", self.1),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl BInstr {
+    pub fn new(label_name: String) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::B(BInstr(None, label_name))
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_cond(condition: ConditionCode, label_name: String) -> ARMInstr {
+        ARMInstr::B(BInstr(Some(condition), label_name))
     }
 }

src/backend/generator.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use crate::{backend::{arm_instr::{ARMInstr, AddInstr, BlInstr, LoadInstr, LoadPseudoInstr, MoveInstr, MulInstr, PopInstr, PushInstr, RegisterOrImm, SDivInstr, StoreInstr, SubInstr}, register_allocator::{REG_R0, REG_R1, REG_R2, REG_R3, Register, RegisterAlloc, RegisterAllocator}, types::ARMAsmVar}, ir::types::{Function, IRInstr, MoveRValue, Variable, VariableType}};
+use crate::{backend::{arm_instr::{ARMInstr, AddInstr, BInstr, BlInstr, CmpInstr, ConditionCode, LoadInstr, LoadPseudoInstr, MoveInstr, MulInstr, PopInstr, PushInstr, RegisterOrImm, RsbInstr, SDivInstr, StoreInstr, SubInstr}, register_allocator::{REG_R0, REG_R1, REG_R2, REG_R3, Register, RegisterAlloc, RegisterAllocator}, types::ARMAsmVar}, ir::types::{Function, IRInstr, MoveRValue, Variable, VariableOrIntLit, VariableType}};
 use crate::ir::types::BinaryOp as IRBinaryOp;
+use crate::ir::types::CmpOp as IRCmpOp;
+use crate::ir::types::UnaryOp as IRUnaryOp;
+
 pub const ARM_STACK_ALIGNMENT: usize = 8;
 pub struct Generator {
     instrs: Vec<ARMInstr>,
@@ -11,6 +14,49 @@ pub struct Generator {
 }
 
 const DEFAULT_VAR_ALIGN: usize = 4;
+
+fn load_variable(variable: Variable, reg_allocator: &mut RegisterAllocator, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>, instrs: &mut Vec<ARMInstr>) -> RegisterAlloc {
+    match variable.var_type {
+        VariableType::Global => {
+            let var_alloc = reg_allocator.alloc(variable).expect("Ran out of registers");
+            let var_reg = var_alloc.reg;
+            // if !var_alloc.is_reused {
+                let address_alloc = reg_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
+                instrs.push(LoadPseudoInstr::new(address_alloc.reg, format!("global_var_{}", variable.index)));
+                instrs.push(LoadInstr::new(var_reg, address_alloc.reg, None));
+            // }
+            var_alloc
+        },
+        VariableType::ParamTemp => {
+            todo!()
+        },
+        _ => {
+            let stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&variable.index).expect("Variable not declared");
+            let var_alloc = reg_allocator.alloc(variable).expect("Ran out of registers");
+            // if !var_alloc.is_reused {
+                instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(var_alloc.reg, *stack_offset as i32));
+            // }
+            var_alloc
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn save_variable(variable: Variable, reg: Register, reg_allocator: &mut RegisterAllocator, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>, instrs: &mut Vec<ARMInstr>) {
+    match variable.var_type {
+        VariableType::Global => {
+            let address_alloc = reg_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
+            instrs.push(LoadPseudoInstr::new(address_alloc.reg, format!("global_var_{}", variable.index)));
+            instrs.push(StoreInstr::new(reg, address_alloc.reg, None));
+        },
+        VariableType::ParamTemp => {
+            todo!()
+        },
+        _ => {
+            let stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&variable.index).expect("Variable not declared");
+            instrs.push(StoreInstr::new_stack(reg, *stack_offset as i32));
+        }
+    }
+}
 impl Generator {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -59,10 +105,10 @@ impl Generator {
         self.instrs.push(ARMInstr::FunctionHead(func.name.clone(), 4)); // Assuming 4-byte alignment for simplicity
         self.instrs.push(PushInstr::new_push_fp_lr());
         self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_sp_to_fp());
-        self.emit_func(body);
+        self.emit_func(&func.name, body);
     }
 
-    fn emit_func(&mut self, instrs: Vec<IRInstr>) {
+    fn emit_func(&mut self, func_name: &str, instrs: Vec<IRInstr>) {
         let mut encounter_entry = false;
         let mut stack_size_needed = 0;
         let mut var_index_to_stack_offset = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -73,13 +119,8 @@ impl Generator {
                     if let Some(v) = v {
                         let ret_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc_reg(REG_R0).expect("Ran out of registers");
                         let ret_reg = ret_alloc.reg;
-                        let v_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(v).expect("Ran out of registers");
-                        let v_reg = v_alloc.reg;
-                        if !v_alloc.is_reused {
-                            let v_stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&v.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-                            self.instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(v_reg, *v_stack_offset as i32));
-                        }
-                        self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(ret_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(v_reg)));
+                        let v_alloc = load_variable(v, &mut self.register_allocator, &var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+                        self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(ret_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(v_alloc.reg)));
                     }
                     self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_fp_to_sp());
                     self.instrs.push(PopInstr::new_pop_fp_pc());
@@ -98,9 +139,60 @@ impl Generator {
                     self.instrs.push(SubInstr::new_sp(stack_size_needed as i32));
                 },
                 IRInstr::DefineFunc(_, _, _) => unreachable!(),
+                IRInstr::Cmp(variable, left, cmp_op, right) => self.emit_cmp(variable, left, cmp_op, right, &var_index_to_stack_offset),
+                IRInstr::Unary(variable, unary_op, variable1) => self.emit_unary(variable, unary_op, variable1, &var_index_to_stack_offset),
+                IRInstr::Goto(index) => self.instrs.push(BInstr::new(format!("label_{}_{}", func_name, index))),
+                IRInstr::CondGoto(variable, true_label_index, false_label_index) => {
+                    let variable_alloc = load_variable(variable, &mut self.register_allocator, &var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+                    let variable_reg = variable_alloc.reg;
+                    self.instrs.push(CmpInstr::new(variable_reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(0)));
+                    self.instrs.push(BInstr::new_cond(ConditionCode::Ne, format!("label_{}_{}", func_name, true_label_index)));
+                    self.instrs.push(BInstr::new(format!("label_{}_{}", func_name, false_label_index)));
+                    
+                },
+                IRInstr::Label(index) => self.instrs.push(ARMInstr::Label(format!("label_{}_{}", func_name, index))),
             }
         }
     }
+    fn emit_unary(&mut self, dest: Variable, unary_op: IRUnaryOp, variable: Variable, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>) {
+        let variable_alloc = load_variable(variable, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+        let dest_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(dest).expect("Ran out of registers");
+        match unary_op {
+            IRUnaryOp::Neg => {
+                self.instrs.push(RsbInstr::new(dest_alloc.reg, variable_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(0)));
+            },
+        }
+        save_variable(dest, dest_alloc.reg, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+    }
+    fn emit_cmp(&mut self, variable: Variable, left: VariableOrIntLit, cmp_op: IRCmpOp, right: VariableOrIntLit, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>) {
+        let left_alloc = match left {
+            VariableOrIntLit::Var(var) => {
+                load_variable(var, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs)
+            },
+            VariableOrIntLit::IntLit(lit) => {
+                let alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
+                self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(lit)));
+                alloc
+            },
+        };
+        // TODO: check left == right
+        let right_alloc = match right {
+            VariableOrIntLit::Var(var) => {
+                load_variable(var, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs)
+            },
+            VariableOrIntLit::IntLit(lit) => {
+                let alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
+                self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(lit)));
+                alloc
+            },
+        };
+        let variable_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(variable).expect("Ran out of registers");
+        let variable_reg = variable_alloc.reg;
+        self.instrs.push(CmpInstr::new(left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_alloc.reg)));
+        self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(variable_reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(0)));
+        self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_cond(cmp_op.into(), variable_reg, RegisterOrImm::Imm(1)));
+        save_variable(variable, variable_alloc.reg, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+    }
     fn emit_func_call(&mut self, func: Function, args: Vec<Variable>, ret: Option<Variable>, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>) {
 
         self.instrs.push(PushInstr::new_push_caller_save());
@@ -108,20 +200,15 @@ impl Generator {
             todo!("More than 4 arguments not supported yet");
         }
         const ARG_REGS: [Register; 4] = [REG_R0, REG_R1, REG_R2, REG_R3];
+        let mut arg_reg_allocs = Vec::new();
         for (i, arg) in args.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            let arg_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(arg).expect("Ran out of registers");
-            let arg_reg = arg_alloc.reg;
-            if !arg_alloc.is_reused {
-                let arg_stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&arg.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-                self.instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(arg_reg, *arg_stack_offset as i32));
-            }
-            self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(ARG_REGS[i], RegisterOrImm::Reg(arg_reg)));
+            arg_reg_allocs.push(self.register_allocator.alloc_reg(ARG_REGS[i]).expect("Ran out of registers"));
+            let arg_alloc = load_variable(arg, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+            self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(ARG_REGS[i], RegisterOrImm::Reg(arg_alloc.reg)));
         }
         self.instrs.push(BlInstr::new(func.name.clone()));
         if let Some(ret) = ret {
-            let ret_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(ret).expect("Ran out of registers");
-            let ret_reg = ret_alloc.reg;
-            self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(ret_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(REG_R0)));
+            save_variable(ret, REG_R0, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
         }
 
 
@@ -132,72 +219,47 @@ impl Generator {
         let dest_register = dest_alloc.reg;
         match src {
             MoveRValue::Var(variable) => {
-                if !dest_alloc.is_reused {
-                    let var_stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&variable.index).expect("Variable not found");
-                    self.instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(dest_register, *var_stack_offset as i32));
-                }
+                let src_alloc = load_variable(variable, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+                self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(dest_register, RegisterOrImm::Reg(src_alloc.reg)));
             },
             MoveRValue::ConstInt(literal_int) => self.instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(dest_register, RegisterOrImm::Imm(literal_int))),
         };
-        match dest.var_type {
-            VariableType::Global => {
-                let address_reg = self.register_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
-                self.instrs.push(LoadPseudoInstr::new(address_reg, format!("global_var_{}", dest.index)));
-                self.instrs.push(StoreInstr::new(dest_register, address_reg, None));
-            },
-            VariableType::ParamTemp => {
-                todo!()
-            },
-            _ => {
-                let offset = *var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&dest.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-                self.instrs.push(StoreInstr::new_stack(dest_register, offset as i32));
-            }
-        }
+        save_variable(dest, dest_alloc.reg, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
     }
     fn emit_binary(&mut self, dest: Variable, left: Variable, op: IRBinaryOp, right: Variable, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>) {
-        let left_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(left).expect("Ran out of registers");
-        let right_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(right).expect("Ran out of registers");
         let dest_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc(dest).expect("Ran out of registers");
-        let left_reg = left_alloc.reg;
-        let right_reg = right_alloc.reg;
         let dest_reg = dest_alloc.reg;
-        if !left_alloc.is_reused {
-            let left_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&left.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-            self.instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(left_reg, *left_offset as i32));
-        
-        }
-        if !right_alloc.is_reused {
-            let right_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&right.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-            self.instrs.push(LoadInstr::new_stack(right_reg, *right_offset as i32));
-        }
+        // should consider left == right
+        let left_alloc = load_variable(left, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+        let (_right_alloc, right_reg) = if left != right {
+            let right_alloc = load_variable(right, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
+            let right_reg = right_alloc.reg;
+            (Some(right_alloc), right_reg)
+        } else {
+            (None, left_alloc.reg)
+        };
         match op {
             IRBinaryOp::Add => {
-                self.instrs.push(AddInstr::new(dest_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
+                self.instrs.push(AddInstr::new(dest_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
             },
             IRBinaryOp::Sub => {
-                self.instrs.push(SubInstr::new(dest_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
+                self.instrs.push(SubInstr::new(dest_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
             },
             IRBinaryOp::Mul => {
-                self.instrs.push(MulInstr::new(dest_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
+                self.instrs.push(MulInstr::new(dest_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
             },
             IRBinaryOp::Div => {
-                self.instrs.push(SDivInstr::new(dest_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
+                self.instrs.push(SDivInstr::new(dest_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
             },
             IRBinaryOp::Mod => {
-                let temp_reg = self.register_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
-                self.instrs.push(SDivInstr::new(temp_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
+                let temp_alloc = self.register_allocator.alloc_any().expect("Ran out of registers");
+                let temp_reg = temp_alloc.reg;
+                self.instrs.push(SDivInstr::new(temp_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
                 self.instrs.push(MulInstr::new(temp_reg, temp_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(right_reg)));
-                self.instrs.push(SubInstr::new(dest_reg, left_reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(temp_reg)));
+                self.instrs.push(SubInstr::new(dest_reg, left_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(temp_reg)));
             },
-            IRBinaryOp::Le => todo!(),
-            IRBinaryOp::Lt => todo!(),
-            IRBinaryOp::Gt => todo!(),
-            IRBinaryOp::Ge => todo!(),
-            IRBinaryOp::Ne => todo!(),
-            IRBinaryOp::Eq => todo!(),
         }
-        let dest_stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&dest.index).expect("Variable not declared");
-        self.instrs.push(StoreInstr::new_stack(dest_reg, *dest_stack_offset as i32));
+        save_variable(dest, dest_alloc.reg, &mut self.register_allocator, var_index_to_stack_offset, &mut self.instrs);
     }
 
 }

src/backend/mod.rs

@@ -74,4 +74,8 @@ mod tests {
         test_case("0-3,14-25");
         // test_case("0-3,14-25");
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_if_while() {
+        test_case("26-32,34-41,46-51,57");
+    }
 }

src/backend/register_allocator.rs

@@ -109,6 +109,9 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             // Variable already has a register allocated
             let use_kind = inner.register_map.get_mut(&reg).expect("Inconsistent state: variable has a register but it's not in the register map");
             assert!(matches!(use_kind, RegisterUseKind::UsedByVariable(v) | RegisterUseKind::AllocatedToVariable(v) if *v == var));
+            if matches!(use_kind, RegisterUseKind::UsedByVariable(_)) {
+                panic!("variable already actively borrowed");
+            }
             *use_kind = RegisterUseKind::UsedByVariable(var);
             return Some(RegisterAlloc {
                 allocator: Rc::downgrade(&self.inner),
@@ -179,13 +182,17 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
 
     }
 
-    pub fn alloc_any(&mut self) -> Option<Register> {
+    pub fn alloc_any(&mut self) -> Option<RegisterAlloc> {
         let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
         
         for (&reg, use_kind) in inner.register_map.iter_mut() {
             if let RegisterUseKind::Free = use_kind {
                 *use_kind = RegisterUseKind::Designated;
-                return Some(reg);
+                return Some(RegisterAlloc {
+                    allocator: Rc::downgrade(&self.inner),
+                    reg,
+                    is_reused: false,
+                });
             }
         }
         let RegisterAllocatorInner{register_map, variable_to_register} = &mut *inner;
@@ -193,7 +200,11 @@ impl RegisterAllocator {
             if let RegisterUseKind::AllocatedToVariable(ori_var) = use_kind {
                 variable_to_register.remove(&ori_var);
                 *use_kind = RegisterUseKind::Designated;
-                return Some(reg);
+                return Some(RegisterAlloc {
+                    allocator: Rc::downgrade(&self.inner),
+                    reg,
+                    is_reused: false,
+                });
             }
         }
 

src/frontend/err.rs

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub enum ParseError {
     UnexpectedToken(TokenValue, &'static str),
     #[error("cannot combine with previous {}", .0)]
     CantCombineWith(TokenValue),
-    #[error("expect {0}")]
+    #[error("expect {0} after")]
     ExpectButEof(&'static str),
 }
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Error)]

src/frontend/lexer.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub struct Lexer {
 
 const WHITESPACE_CHARS: &[char] = &[' ', '\t', '\n', '\r'];
 const DELIMITER_CHARS: &[char] = &[
-    '+', '-', '*', '/', '%', '=', '!', '<', '>', '(', ')', ',', ';'
+    '+', '-', '*', '/', '%', '=', '!', '<', '>', '(', ')', ',', ';', '{', '|', '&'
 ];
 struct Cursor {
     chars: Vec<char>,
@@ -185,22 +185,10 @@ fn parse_litint(
 ) -> Result<TokenValue, LexParseError> {
     let mut c1 = str_iter.peek().ok_or(LexParseError::NotMatched)?;
     // c1 is the peek value from here
-    let mut sign_base: i64 = 1;
     let mut base: i64 = 10;
-    if !(c1.is_ascii_digit() || c1 == '-') {
+    if !(c1.is_ascii_digit()) {
         return Err(LexParseError::NotMatched);
     }
-    if c1 == '-' {
-        sign_base = -1;
-        str_iter.advance(1);
-        c1 = str_iter.peek().ok_or(LexParseError::NotMatched)?;
-        if !c1.is_ascii_digit() {
-            // only a minus sign, not a number
-            // back one so cursor still points to the minus sign
-            str_iter.back(1);
-            return Err(LexParseError::NotMatched);
-        }
-    }
     let mut number = 0i64;
     let mut has_digits = false;
     if c1 == '0' {
@@ -248,7 +236,6 @@ fn parse_litint(
         // No valid digits found, add a diagnostic
         return Err(LexParseError::InvalidInMatch(LexingError::InvalidIntLiteral));
     }
-    number *= sign_base;
     Ok(TokenValue::IntLit(number))
 }
 
@@ -293,6 +280,7 @@ fn parse_puncuation(
             if let Some('=') = str_iter.peek() {
                 TokenValue::NotEqual
             } else {
+                str_iter.back(1);
                 TokenValue::Not
             }
         },
@@ -301,7 +289,24 @@ fn parse_puncuation(
 
         ',' => TokenValue::Comma,
         ';' => TokenValue::Semicolon,
-
+        '|' => {
+            str_iter.advance(1);
+            if let Some('|') = str_iter.peek() {
+                TokenValue::Or
+            } else {
+                // unrecognized token starting with '|'
+                return Err(LexParseError::InvalidInMatch(LexingError::UnrecognizedToken("|".to_string())));
+            }
+        },
+        '&' => {
+            str_iter.advance(1);
+            if let Some('&') = str_iter.peek() {
+                TokenValue::And
+            } else {
+                // unrecognized token starting with '&'
+                return Err(LexParseError::InvalidInMatch(LexingError::UnrecognizedToken("&".to_string())));
+            }
+        },
         _ => return Err(LexParseError::NotMatched),
     };
     str_iter.advance(1);
@@ -330,6 +335,21 @@ fn parse_ident(
     if name.eq("return") {
         return Ok(TokenValue::Return);
     }
+    if name.eq("if") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::If);
+    }
+    if name.eq("else") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::Else);
+    }
+    if name.eq("while") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::While);
+    }
+    if name.eq("break") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::Break);
+    }
+    if name.eq("continue") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::Continue);
+    }
     if let Some(type_ident) = TypeIdent::from_str(&name).ok() {
         return Ok(TokenValue::TypeIdent(type_ident));
     }

src/frontend/types.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub enum TokenValue {
     TypeIdent(TypeIdent),
     
     Plus, Minus, Star, Slash, Percent,
-    Equal, DoubleEqual, Not, NotEqual, Less, LessEqual, Greater, GreaterEqual,
+    Equal, DoubleEqual, Not, NotEqual, Less, LessEqual, Greater, GreaterEqual, And, Or,
 
     LParen, RParen,
     LBrace, RBrace,
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for TokenValue {
             TokenValue::Equal => write!(f, "`=`"),
             TokenValue::DoubleEqual => write!(f, "`==`"),
             TokenValue::Not => write!(f, "`!`"),
+            TokenValue::And => write!(f, "`&&`"),
+            TokenValue::Or => write!(f, "`||`"),
             TokenValue::NotEqual => write!(f, "`!=`"),
             TokenValue::Less => write!(f, "`<`"),
             TokenValue::LessEqual => write!(f, "`<=`"),

src/ir/err.rs

@@ -24,4 +24,12 @@ pub enum IRError {
     TypeMismatch(IRType, IRType),
     #[error("invalid assignment target")]
     InvalidAssignmentTarget,
+    #[error("break statement outside of loop")]
+    BreakOutsideLoop,
+    #[error("continue statement outside of loop")]
+    ContinueOutsideLoop,
+    #[error("invalid parameter type: {0}")]
+    InvalidParameterType(IRType),
+    #[error("return expression on void function")]
+    ReturnExpressionOnVoidFunction,
 }

src/ir/generator.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,22 @@
-use std::{collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet}, result, vec};
-
-use crate::{ast::types::{BlockStmt, CompileUnit, Expr, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt}, diagnostic::Diagnositics, ir::{err::IRError, types::{BinaryOp, Function, IRInstr, IRType, MoveRValue, Variable, VariableType}}};
+use std::{collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet}, vec};
 
+use crate::{ast::types::{BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfElseBranch, IfStmt, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt, WhileStmt}, diagnostic::Diagnositics, ir::{err::IRError, types::{BinaryOp, CmpOp, Function, IRInstr, IRType, MoveRValue, UnaryOp, Variable, VariableOrIntLit, VariableType}}};
+use crate::ast::types::BinaryOp as AstBinaryOp;
+use crate::ast::types::UnaryOp as AstUnaryOp;
 pub struct Generator {
     var_manager: VariableManager,
     function_map: BTreeMap<String, Function>,
     current_func_return_type: Option<IRType>,
     diagnostic: Diagnositics,
+    current_exit_label: Vec<Option<(usize, usize)>>, // true exit, false exit
+    // About exit label passing:
+    // for non-logical parent expr, current_exit_label is None
+    // this means we need to create label for logical child expr, and calculate the value
+    // for logical parent expr, we can directly use the label for logical child expr, and no need to calculate
+    // if child expr isn't logical, we need to do cmp to decide which label to goto
+    while_exit_label: Vec<(usize, usize)>, // continue exit, break exit
+    func_exit: Option<(usize, Option<Variable>)>, // (label, return_var)
+    label_counter: usize
 }
 
 impl Generator {
@@ -17,14 +27,27 @@ impl Generator {
             parameter_types: vec![IRType::I32],
             return_type: IRType::Void,
         });
+        function_map.insert("getint".to_string(), Function {
+            name: "getint".to_string(),
+            parameter_types: vec![],
+            return_type: IRType::I32,
+        });
         Self {
             var_manager: VariableManager::new(),
             current_func_return_type: None,
             diagnostic: Diagnositics::new(),
             function_map,
+            current_exit_label: vec![],
+            while_exit_label: vec![],
+            func_exit: None,
+            label_counter: 0,
         }
     }
-
+    fn request_label(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let label = self.label_counter;
+        self.label_counter += 1;
+        label
+    }
     pub fn emit(&mut self, compile_unit: CompileUnit) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
         self.generate_compile_unit(compile_unit)
     }
@@ -51,12 +74,12 @@ impl Generator {
         let mut instrs = vec![];
         let var_type = if is_global { VariableType::Global } else { VariableType::Local };
         for value in var_decl.values {
-            match self.var_manager.declare_variable(&value.name, var_type, value.var_type.into()) {
+            match self.var_manager.declare_variable(&value.name, var_type, var_decl.data_type.into()) {
                 Ok(var) => {
                     if is_global { instrs.push(IRInstr::Declare(var)); }
                 }
                 Err(e) => {
-                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(e, value.span);
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(e, value.name_span);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -66,7 +89,7 @@ impl Generator {
 
     fn generate_func_decl(&mut self, func_decl: FuncDeclStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
         if self.function_map.contains_key(&func_decl.name) {
-            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::FunctionHasBeenDefined(func_decl.name.clone()), func_decl.span);
+            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::FunctionHasBeenDefined(func_decl.name.clone()), func_decl.name_span);
             return vec![];
         }
         self.current_func_return_type = Some(func_decl.return_type.into());
@@ -75,7 +98,7 @@ impl Generator {
             match self.var_manager.declare_variable(&param.name, VariableType::Local, param.param_type.into()) {
                 Ok(var) => Ok(var),
                 Err(e) => {
-                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(e, param.span);
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(e, param.name_span);
                     Err(())
                 }
             }
@@ -85,6 +108,14 @@ impl Generator {
         };
         let temp_parameters = parameters.iter().map(|param| self.var_manager.declare_param_temp(param.data_type)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let mut body_instrs = vec![];
+        self.func_exit = Some((self.request_label(),  {
+            let ret_type = func_decl.return_type.into();
+            if ret_type != IRType::Void {
+                Some(self.var_manager.declare_unamed_local(ret_type))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }));
         let block_instrs = self.generate_block_stmt(func_decl.body);
         for var in self.var_manager.get_cur_func_variables() {
             if matches!(var.var_type, VariableType::ParamTemp) {
@@ -97,7 +128,9 @@ impl Generator {
             body_instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(*temp_param, MoveRValue::Var(*param)));
         });
         body_instrs.extend(block_instrs);
-
+        let func_exit = self.func_exit.take().unwrap();
+        body_instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(func_exit.0));
+        body_instrs.push(IRInstr::Exit(func_exit.1));
         self.var_manager.exit_scope();
         self.current_func_return_type = None;
         self.var_manager.clear_local_counter();
@@ -121,13 +154,28 @@ impl Generator {
         use Statement::*;
         let instrs = match stmt {
             Return(return_stmt) => self.generate_return_stmt(return_stmt),
+            If(if_stmt) => self.generate_if_stmt(if_stmt),
+            While(while_stmt) => self.generate_while_stmt(while_stmt),
+            Break(break_stmt) => self.generate_break_stmt(break_stmt),
+            Continue(continue_stmt) => self.generate_continue_stmt(continue_stmt),
             Block(block_stmt) => {
                 self.var_manager.enter_scope();
                 let block_instrs = self.generate_block_stmt(block_stmt);
                 self.var_manager.exit_scope();
                 block_instrs
             },
-            Expr(expr) => self.generate_expr(expr).0,
+            Expr(expr) => {
+                self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+                let (instrs, _) = match self.generate_expr(expr) {
+                    Some(res) => res,
+                    None => {
+                        self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                        return vec![];
+                    }
+                };
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                instrs
+            },
             VarDecl(var_decl) => self.generate_var_decl(var_decl, false),
         };
         instrs
@@ -135,22 +183,160 @@ impl Generator {
 
     fn generate_return_stmt(&mut self, return_stmt: ReturnStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
         let mut instrs = vec![];
+        let func_exit = self.func_exit.unwrap();
         match return_stmt.value {
             Some(expr) => {
-                let (value_instrs, value_var) = self.generate_expr(expr);
-                instrs.extend(value_instrs);
-                if value_var.is_some() {
-                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Exit(value_var));
+                if func_exit.1.is_none() {
+                    // shouldn't return value but return stmt has expr;
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::ReturnExpressionOnVoidFunction, return_stmt.span);
+                    return vec![];
                 }
+                self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+                let (value_instrs, value_var) = match self.generate_expr(expr) {
+                    Some(res) => res,
+                    None => {
+                        self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                        return vec![];
+                    }
+                };
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                if value_var.is_none() {
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), return_stmt.span);
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    return vec![];
+                }
+                instrs.extend(value_instrs);
+                instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(func_exit.1.unwrap(), MoveRValue::Var(value_var.unwrap())));
+                // if value_var.is_none() {
+                //     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), return_stmt.span);
+                //     return vec![];
+                // }
+                // let value_var = value_var.unwrap();
             }
-            None => instrs.push(IRInstr::Exit(None)),
+            None => {
+                if func_exit.1.is_some() {
+                    // should return value but return stmt has no expr;
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TypeMismatch(self.current_func_return_type.unwrap(), IRType::Void), return_stmt.span);
+                }
+            },
         }
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(func_exit.0));
         instrs
     }
+    fn generate_while_stmt(&mut self, while_stmt: WhileStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
+        let mut instrs = vec![];
+        let cond_label = self.request_label();
+        let body_label = self.request_label();
+        let exit_label = self.request_label();
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(cond_label));
+        self.current_exit_label.push(Some((body_label, exit_label)));
+        let while_cond_span = while_stmt.condition.span;
+        let (cond_instrs, cond_var) = match self.generate_expr(while_stmt.condition) {
+            Some(res) => res,
+            None => {
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                return vec![];
+            }
+        };
+        self.current_exit_label.pop();
+        if cond_var.is_none() {
+            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), while_cond_span);
+            return vec![];
+        }
+        instrs.extend(cond_instrs);
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(body_label));
+        self.while_exit_label.push((cond_label, exit_label));
+        instrs.extend(self.generate_block_stmt(while_stmt.body));
+        self.while_exit_label.pop();
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(cond_label));
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit_label));
+        instrs
+    }
+    fn generate_if_stmt(&mut self, if_stmt: IfStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
+        let mut instrs = vec![];
+        let then_label = self.request_label();
+        let exit_label = self.request_label();
+        let mut labels = vec![then_label];
+        for _ in &if_stmt.ifelse_branch {
+            let else_if_label = self.request_label();
+            let else_if_body_label = self.request_label();
 
-    fn generate_expr(&mut self, expr: Expr) -> (Vec<IRInstr>, Option<Variable>) {
-        use crate::ast::types::ExprValue;
-        match expr.value {
+            labels.push(else_if_label);
+            labels.push(else_if_body_label);
+        }
+        if if_stmt.else_branch.is_some() {
+            let else_label = self.request_label();
+            labels.push(else_label);
+        }
+        labels.push(exit_label);
+        // now generate if expr, true exit to labels[0], false exit to labels[1]
+        self.current_exit_label.push(Some((labels[0], labels[1])));
+        let cond_span = if_stmt.condition.span;
+        let (cond_instrs, cond_var) = match self.generate_expr(if_stmt.condition) {
+            Some(res) => res,
+            None => {
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                return vec![];
+            }
+        };
+        self.current_exit_label.pop();
+        if cond_var.is_none() {
+            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), cond_span);
+            return vec![];
+        }
+        instrs.extend(cond_instrs);
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(labels[0]));
+        instrs.extend(self.generate_block_stmt(if_stmt.then_branch));
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(exit_label));
+        for (i, else_if_branch) in if_stmt.ifelse_branch.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let IfElseBranch { condition: else_if_cond, then_branch: else_if_block } = else_if_branch;
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(labels[i * 2 + 1]));
+            self.current_exit_label.push(Some((labels[i * 2 + 2], labels[i * 2 + 3])));
+            let else_if_cond_span = else_if_cond.span;
+            let (else_if_cond_instrs, else_if_cond_var) = match self.generate_expr(else_if_cond) {
+                Some(res) => res,
+                None => {
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            self.current_exit_label.pop();
+            if else_if_cond_var.is_none() {
+                self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), else_if_cond_span);
+                return vec![];
+            }
+            instrs.extend(else_if_cond_instrs);
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(labels[i * 2 + 2]));
+            instrs.extend(self.generate_block_stmt(else_if_block));
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(exit_label));
+        }
+        if let Some(else_block) = if_stmt.else_branch {
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(labels[labels.len() - 2]));
+            instrs.extend(self.generate_block_stmt(else_block));
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(exit_label));
+        }
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit_label));
+        instrs
+    }
+    fn generate_continue_stmt(&mut self, stmt: ContinueStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
+        if let Some((continue_label, _)) = self.while_exit_label.last() {
+            vec![IRInstr::Goto(*continue_label)]
+        } else {
+            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::ContinueOutsideLoop, stmt.span);
+            vec![]
+        }
+    }
+    fn generate_break_stmt(&mut self, stmt: BreakStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
+        if let Some((_, break_label)) = self.while_exit_label.last() {
+            vec![IRInstr::Goto(*break_label)]
+        } else {
+            self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::BreakOutsideLoop, stmt.span);
+            vec![]
+        }
+    }
+    fn generate_expr(&mut self, expr: Expr) -> Option<(Vec<IRInstr>, Option<Variable>)> {
+        // there may be some expr that doesn't produce value, like void func call
+        let (mut instrs, var) = match expr.value {
             ExprValue::IntLit(i) => {
                 // TODO: convert check
                 let var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(IRType::I32);
@@ -161,7 +347,7 @@ impl Generator {
                     (vec![], Some(var))
                 } else {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::VariableNotFound(name.clone()), expr.span);
-                    (vec![], None)
+                    return None;
                 }
             },
             ExprValue::Assign { lvalue, rvalue } => {
@@ -171,69 +357,251 @@ impl Generator {
                         Some(var) => var,
                         None => {
                             self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::VariableNotFound(name.clone()), lvalue.span);
-                            return (vec![], None);
+                            return None;
                         }
                     };
-                    let (mut instrs, rvalue_var) = self.generate_expr(*rvalue);
+                    self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+                    let rvalue_span = rvalue.span;
+                    let (mut instrs, rvalue_var) = self.generate_expr(*rvalue)?;
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    // TODO: further check
+                    // if var.data_type != rvalue_var.data_type {
+                    //     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TypeMismatch(var.data_type, rvalue_var.data_type), lvalue.span);
+                    //     return (vec![], None);
+                    // }
                     if rvalue_var.is_none() {
-                        return (vec![], None);
+                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), rvalue_span);
+                        return None;
                     }
-                    let rvalue_var = rvalue_var.unwrap();
-                    if var.data_type != rvalue_var.data_type {
-                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TypeMismatch(var.data_type, rvalue_var.data_type), lvalue.span);
-                        return (vec![], None);
-                    }
-                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(var, MoveRValue::Var(rvalue_var)));
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(var, MoveRValue::Var(rvalue_var.unwrap())));
                     let temp_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(var.data_type);
                     instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(temp_var, MoveRValue::Var(var)));
                     (instrs, Some(temp_var))
                 } else {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidAssignmentTarget, lvalue.span);
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                    return None;
                 }
             },
+            ExprValue::UnaryOp { op, operand } => {
+                let mut parent_is_logical = true;
+                let exit_passdown = if matches!(op, AstUnaryOp::Not) {
+                    Some(self.current_exit_label.last().cloned().flatten().map_or_else(|| {
+                        parent_is_logical = false;
+                        (self.request_label(), self.request_label())
+                    }, |(true_exit, false_exit)| (false_exit, true_exit)))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                // NOT:
+                //   $x = cmp eq left_var, 0
+                //   bc, $x, true_exit, false_exit
+                //   false_exit: #only when parent isn't logical
+                //   true_exit:
+                //   $dest = $x
+
+                // +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+----------------------------+
+                // | parent | (true_exit, false_exit) | (true_exit, false_exit) | None                       |
+                // | self   | not                     | add/sub                 | not(true_exit, false_exit) |
+                // | child  | (false_exit, true_exit) | None                    | (true_exit, false_exit)    |
+                // +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+----------------------------+
+
+
+                self.current_exit_label.push(exit_passdown);
+                let operand_span = operand.span;
+                let (mut instrs, operand_var) = self.generate_expr(*operand)?;
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                if operand_var.is_none() {
+                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), operand_span);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let operand_var = operand_var.unwrap();
+                let dest_var = match op {
+                    AstUnaryOp::Add => {
+                        let dest_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(operand_var.data_type);
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(dest_var, MoveRValue::Var(operand_var)));
+                        dest_var
+                    },
+                    AstUnaryOp::Sub => {
+                        let dest_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(operand_var.data_type);
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Unary(dest_var, UnaryOp::Neg, operand_var));
+                        dest_var
+                    },
+                    AstUnaryOp::Not => {
+                        let dest_var = self.var_manager.declare_unamed_local(operand_var.data_type);
+                        // child will do the cmp
+                        if !parent_is_logical {
+                            let exit = exit_passdown.unwrap(); // (false_exit, true_exit) (consider `not`)
+                            let final_exit = self.request_label();
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit.1));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(dest_var, MoveRValue::ConstInt(1)));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(final_exit));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit.0));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(dest_var, MoveRValue::ConstInt(0)));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(final_exit));
+                            instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(final_exit));
+
+                        }
+                        // return directly since it's logical expr
+                        return Some((instrs, Some(dest_var)));
+                    }
+                };
+                (instrs, Some(dest_var))
+            },
             ExprValue::BinaryOp { lhs, op, rhs } => {
                 let lhs_span = lhs.span;
                 let rhs_span = rhs.span;
-                let (mut instrs, left_var) = self.generate_expr(*lhs);
+
+                // +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
+                // | parent | (true_exit, false_exit) | (true_exit, false_exit) | (true_exit, false_exit) |
+                // | self   | and(next)               | or(next)                | others                  |
+                // | lhs    | (next, false_exit)      | (true_exit, next)       | None                    |
+                // | rhs    | (true_exit, false_exit) | (next, false_exit)      | None                    |
+                // +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
+
+
+                // +--------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+--------+
+                // | parent | None                             | None                          | None   |
+                // | self   | and(true_exit, next, false_exit) | or(true_exit,next,false_exit) | others |
+                // | lhs    | (next, false_exit)               | (true_exit, next)             | None   |
+                // | rhs    | (true_exit, false_exit)          | (next, false_exit)            | None   |
+                // +--------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------+--------+
+
+
+                let mut parent_exit = None;
+                let exit = if op.is_logical() {
+                    Some(self.current_exit_label.last().cloned().flatten().map_or(
+                        (self.request_label(), self.request_label(), self.request_label()),
+                        |(true_exit, false_exit)| {
+                            parent_exit = Some((true_exit, false_exit));
+                            (true_exit, self.request_label(), false_exit)
+                        }
+                    ))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }; // (true_exit, next_label, false_exit)
+                let lhs_exit_passdown = exit.map(|(true_exit, next_label, false_exit)| match op {
+                    AstBinaryOp::And => (next_label, false_exit),
+                    AstBinaryOp::Or => (true_exit, next_label),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                });
+                let rhs_exit_passdown = exit.map(|(true_exit, _, false_exit)| match op {
+                    AstBinaryOp::And => (true_exit, false_exit),
+                    AstBinaryOp::Or => (true_exit, false_exit),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                });
+                self.current_exit_label.push(lhs_exit_passdown);
+                let (mut instrs, left_var) = self.generate_expr(*lhs)?;
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
                 if left_var.is_none() {
-                    return (vec![], None);
-                }
-                let left_var = left_var.unwrap();
-                let (right_instrs, right_var) = self.generate_expr(*rhs);
-                if right_var.is_none() {
-                    return (vec![], None);
-                }
-                let right_var = right_var.unwrap();
-                instrs.extend(right_instrs);
-                let mut has_void = false;
-                if matches!(left_var.data_type, IRType::Void) {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), lhs_span);
-                    has_void = true;
+                    return None;
                 }
-                if matches!(right_var.data_type, IRType::Void) {
+                let mut left_var = left_var.unwrap();
+                self.current_exit_label.push(rhs_exit_passdown);
+                let (right_instrs, right_var) = self.generate_expr(*rhs)?;
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                if right_var.is_none() {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(IRType::Void), rhs_span);
-                    has_void = true;
+                    return None;
                 }
-                if has_void {
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                let mut right_var = right_var.unwrap();
+                // check implicit convert
+                let convert_to;
+                if op.is_logical() {
+                    // we dont really care since we use cmp
+                    convert_to = left_var.data_type;
+                } else {
+                    if let Some(ty) = IRType::get_elevate_result(left_var.data_type, right_var.data_type) {
+                        convert_to = ty;
+                    } else {
+                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::IncompatiableOperand(left_var.data_type, right_var.data_type), lhs_span);
+                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::IncompatiableOperand(left_var.data_type, right_var.data_type), rhs_span);
+                        return None;
+                    } 
                 }
-                if left_var.data_type != right_var.data_type {
-                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::IncompatiableOperand(left_var.data_type, right_var.data_type), lhs_span);
-                    self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidOperand(left_var.data_type), rhs_span);
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                // do implicit convert if needed
+                // TODO: further check
+                if !op.is_logical() && convert_to != left_var.data_type {
+                    let temp_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(convert_to);
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(temp_var, MoveRValue::Var(left_var)));
+                    left_var = temp_var;
                 }
                 let result_type;
-                match Into::<BinaryOp>::into(op) {
-                    BinaryOp::Add | BinaryOp::Sub | BinaryOp::Mul | BinaryOp::Div | BinaryOp::Mod => {
+                match op {
+                    AstBinaryOp::Add | AstBinaryOp::Sub | AstBinaryOp::Mul | AstBinaryOp::Div | AstBinaryOp::Mod => {
                         result_type = left_var.data_type;
                     },
-                    BinaryOp::Eq | BinaryOp::Ne | BinaryOp::Lt | BinaryOp::Gt | BinaryOp::Le | BinaryOp::Ge => {
+                    AstBinaryOp::Equal | AstBinaryOp::NotEqual | AstBinaryOp::Less | AstBinaryOp::Greater | AstBinaryOp::LessEqual | AstBinaryOp::GreaterEqual 
+                    | AstBinaryOp::And | AstBinaryOp::Or => {
                         result_type = IRType::I1;
                     }
                 }
                 let dest_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(result_type);
-                instrs.push(IRInstr::Binary(dest_var, left_var, op.into(), right_var));
+                match op {
+                    AstBinaryOp::And | AstBinaryOp::Or => {
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit.unwrap().1));
+                    },
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+                // for logical operator, considering short-circuit
+                // AND: 
+                //   $x = cmp ne left_var, 0
+                //   bc, $x, next, false_exit
+                //   next:
+                //   $x = cmp eq right_var, 0
+                //   bc, $x, true_exit, false_exit
+                //   false_exit: #only when parent isn't logical
+                //   true_exit:
+                // OR:
+                //   $x = cmp ne left_var, 0
+                //   bc, $x, true_exit, next
+                //   next:
+                //   $x = cmp ne right_var, 0
+                //   bc, $x, true_exit, false_exit
+                //   false_exit: #only when parent isn't logical
+                //   true_exit:
+                instrs.extend(right_instrs);
+                if !op.is_logical() && convert_to != right_var.data_type {
+                    let temp_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(convert_to);
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(temp_var, MoveRValue::Var(right_var)));
+                    right_var = temp_var;
+                }
+                if !op.is_logical() {
+                    if let Some((true_exit, false_exit)) = parent_exit {
+                        let final_exit = self.request_label();
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(true_exit));
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(dest_var, MoveRValue::ConstInt(1)));
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(final_exit));
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(false_exit));
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(dest_var, MoveRValue::ConstInt(0)));
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(final_exit));
+
+
+                    }
+                }
+                if op.is_logical() {
+                    return Some((instrs, Some(dest_var)));
+                } else {
+                    if op.is_cmp() {
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Cmp(dest_var, VariableOrIntLit::Var(left_var), op.into(), VariableOrIntLit::Var(right_var)));
+                    } else {
+                        instrs.push(IRInstr::Binary(dest_var, left_var, op.into(), right_var));
+                    }
+                }
+                // if !op.is_logical() {
+                //     if let Some((true_exit, false_exit))  = self.current_exit_label.last().cloned().flatten() {
+                //         // parent is logical
+                //         instrs.push(IRInstr::Cmp(dest_var, VariableOrIntLit::Var(dest_var), CmpOp::Ne, VariableOrIntLit::IntLit(0)));
+                //         instrs.push(IRInstr::CondGoto(dest_var, true_exit, false_exit));
+                //     } else {
+                //         // parent isn't logical
+                //         if op.is_cmp() {
+                //             instrs.push(IRInstr::Cmp(dest_var, VariableOrIntLit::Var(left_var), op.into(), VariableOrIntLit::Var(right_var)));
+                //         } else {
+                //             instrs.push(IRInstr::Binary(dest_var, left_var, op.into(), right_var));
+                //         }
+                //     }
+                // }
                 (instrs, Some(dest_var))
             },
             ExprValue::FuncCall(func_name, args) => {
@@ -243,35 +611,40 @@ impl Generator {
                     func_def
                 } else {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::FunctionNotFound(func_name.clone()), expr.span);
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                    return None;
                 }.clone();
+
                 if args.len() < func_def.parameter_types.len() {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TooFewArguments(func_def.parameter_types.len(), args.len()), expr.span);
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                    return None;
                 }
                 if args.len() > func_def.parameter_types.len() {
                     self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TooManyArguments(func_def.parameter_types.len(), args.len()), expr.span);
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                    return None;
                 }
                 let mut has_error = false;
-                for (i, arg) in args.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                    let (arg_instrs, arg_var) = self.generate_expr(arg);
-                    if arg_var.is_none() {
+                for parameter_type in &func_def.parameter_types {
+                    if matches!(parameter_type, IRType::Void) {
+                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::InvalidParameterType(IRType::Void), expr.span);
                         has_error = true;
-                        continue;
                     }
-                    let arg_var = arg_var.unwrap();
+                }
+                if has_error {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                for (i, arg) in args.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    let (arg_instrs, arg_var) = self.generate_expr(arg)?;
                     let parameter_type = func_def.parameter_types.get(i).unwrap();
-                    if *parameter_type != arg_var.data_type {
-                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TypeMismatch(*parameter_type, arg_var.data_type), expr.span);
+                    if *parameter_type != arg_var.map_or(IRType::Void, |v| v.data_type) {
+                        self.diagnostic.add_from_ir_error(IRError::TypeMismatch(*parameter_type, arg_var.map_or(IRType::Void, |v| v.data_type)), expr.span);
                         has_error = true;
                         continue;
                     }
                     instrs.extend(arg_instrs);
-                    arg_vars.push(arg_var);
+                    arg_vars.push(arg_var.unwrap());
                 }
                 if has_error {
-                    return (vec![], None);
+                    return None;
                 }
                 let ret_variable = if matches!(func_def.return_type, IRType::Void) {
                     None
@@ -281,6 +654,14 @@ impl Generator {
                 instrs.push(IRInstr::FuncCall(func_def.clone(), arg_vars, ret_variable));
                 (instrs, ret_variable)
             }
+        };
+        if let Some((true_exit, false_exit)) = self.current_exit_label.last().cloned().flatten() {
+            let cmp_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(IRType::I1);
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::Cmp(cmp_var, VariableOrIntLit::Var(var.unwrap()), CmpOp::Ne, VariableOrIntLit::IntLit(0)));
+            instrs.push(IRInstr::CondGoto(cmp_var, true_exit, false_exit));
+            Some((instrs, var))
+        } else {
+            Some((instrs, var))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -350,6 +731,12 @@ impl VariableManager {
         self.local_var_type.push(var);
         var
     }
+    pub fn declare_unamed_local(&mut self, var_data_type: IRType) -> Variable {
+        let var = Variable { index: self.local_counter, var_type: VariableType::Local, data_type: var_data_type };
+        self.local_counter += 1;
+        self.local_var_type.push(var);
+        var
+    }
     pub fn declare_param_temp(&mut self, var_data_type: IRType) -> Variable {
         let var = Variable { index: self.local_counter, var_type: VariableType::ParamTemp, data_type: var_data_type };
         self.local_counter += 1;
@@ -439,4 +826,8 @@ mod tests {
         test_case("0-3,14-25");
         // test_case("0-3,14-25");
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_if_while() {
+        test_case("26-32,34-41,46-51,57");
+    }
 }

src/ir/types.rs

@@ -3,15 +3,32 @@ use std::fmt::Display;
 use crate::ast::types::Type as AstType;
 use crate::ast::types::BinaryOp as AstBinaryOp;
 use crate::ir::err::IRError;
+
+pub enum VariableOrIntLit {
+    Var(Variable),
+    IntLit(i32),
+}
+
+impl Display for VariableOrIntLit {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            VariableOrIntLit::Var(v) => write!(f, "{}", v),
+            VariableOrIntLit::IntLit(i) => write!(f, "{}", i),
+        }
+    }
+}
 pub enum IRInstr {
     Declare(Variable),
     DefineFunc(Function, Vec<Variable>, Vec<IRInstr>),
     Entry,
     Binary(Variable, Variable, BinaryOp, Variable),
+    Cmp(Variable, VariableOrIntLit, CmpOp, VariableOrIntLit),
+    Unary(Variable, UnaryOp, Variable),
     Exit(Option<Variable>),
     FuncCall(Function, Vec<Variable>, Option<Variable>),
-    // Goto,
-    // Label,
+    Goto(usize),
+    CondGoto(Variable, usize, usize), // condition, true label, false label
+    Label(usize),
     Move(Variable, MoveRValue),
 }
 
@@ -20,6 +37,7 @@ impl Display for IRInstr {
         match self {
             IRInstr::Entry => write!(f, "entry"),
             IRInstr::Binary(dest, left, op, right) => write!(f, "{} = {} {},{}", dest, op, left, right),
+            IRInstr::Cmp(dest, left, op, right) => write!(f, "{} = icmp {} {},{}", dest, op, left, right),
             IRInstr::Exit(v) => if let Some(v) = v { write!(f, "exit {}", v) } else { write!(f, "exit") },
             IRInstr::FuncCall(func, args, dest) => {
                 if let Some(dest) = dest {
@@ -33,7 +51,11 @@ impl Display for IRInstr {
             IRInstr::DefineFunc(func, args, body) => {
                 let body_str = body.iter().map(|instr| format!("  {}", instr)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n");
                 write!(f, "define {} {{\n{}\n}}", func.to_decl_string(args), body_str)
-            }
+            },
+            IRInstr::Goto(label) => write!(f, "br label .L{}", label),
+            IRInstr::CondGoto(cond, true_label, false_label) => write!(f, "bc {}, .L{}, .L{}", cond, true_label, false_label),
+            IRInstr::Label(label) => write!(f, ".L{}:", label),
+            IRInstr::Unary(dest, op, src) => write!(f, "{} = {} {}", dest, op, src),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -51,6 +73,16 @@ impl IRType {
             IRType::Void => 0,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn get_elevate_result(lhs: IRType, rhs: IRType) -> Option<IRType> {
+        if lhs == rhs {
+            Some(lhs)
+        } else if (lhs == IRType::I32 && rhs == IRType::I1) || (lhs == IRType::I1 && rhs == IRType::I32) {
+            Some(IRType::I32)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
 }
 impl Display for IRType {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
@@ -153,6 +185,8 @@ pub enum BinaryOp {
     Mul,
     Div,
     Mod,
+}
+pub enum CmpOp {
     Le,
     Lt,
     Gt,
@@ -160,6 +194,9 @@ pub enum BinaryOp {
     Ne,
     Eq,
 }
+pub enum UnaryOp {
+    Neg
+}
 
 impl Display for BinaryOp {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
@@ -169,12 +206,35 @@ impl Display for BinaryOp {
             BinaryOp::Mul => "mul",
             BinaryOp::Div => "div",
             BinaryOp::Mod => "mod",
-            BinaryOp::Le => "le",
-            BinaryOp::Lt => "lt",
-            BinaryOp::Gt => "gt",
-            BinaryOp::Ge => "ge",
-            BinaryOp::Ne => "ne",
-            BinaryOp::Eq => "eq",
+            // BinaryOp::Le => "cmp le",
+            // BinaryOp::Lt => "cmp lt",
+            // BinaryOp::Gt => "cmp gt",
+            // BinaryOp::Ge => "cmp ge",
+            // BinaryOp::Ne => "cmp ne",
+            // BinaryOp::Eq => "cmp eq",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", op_str)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for CmpOp {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let op_str = match self {
+            CmpOp::Le => "le",
+            CmpOp::Lt => "lt",
+            CmpOp::Gt => "gt",
+            CmpOp::Ge => "ge",
+            CmpOp::Ne => "ne",
+            CmpOp::Eq => "eq",
+        };
+        write!(f, "{}", op_str)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for UnaryOp {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let op_str = match self {
+            UnaryOp::Neg => "neg",
         };
         write!(f, "{}", op_str)
     }
@@ -187,12 +247,26 @@ impl From<AstBinaryOp> for BinaryOp {
             AstBinaryOp::Mul => BinaryOp::Mul,
             AstBinaryOp::Div => BinaryOp::Div,
             AstBinaryOp::Mod => BinaryOp::Mod,
-            AstBinaryOp::Equal => BinaryOp::Eq,
-            AstBinaryOp::NotEqual => BinaryOp::Ne,
-            AstBinaryOp::Less => BinaryOp::Lt,
-            AstBinaryOp::LessEqual => BinaryOp::Le,
-            AstBinaryOp::Greater => BinaryOp::Gt,
-            AstBinaryOp::GreaterEqual => BinaryOp::Ge,
+            // AstBinaryOp::Equal => BinaryOp::Eq,
+            // AstBinaryOp::NotEqual => BinaryOp::Ne,
+            // AstBinaryOp::Less => BinaryOp::Lt,
+            // AstBinaryOp::LessEqual => BinaryOp::Le,
+            // AstBinaryOp::Greater => BinaryOp::Gt,
+            // AstBinaryOp::GreaterEqual => BinaryOp::Ge,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl From<AstBinaryOp> for CmpOp {
+    fn from(ast_op: AstBinaryOp) -> Self {
+        match ast_op {
+            AstBinaryOp::Equal => CmpOp::Eq,
+            AstBinaryOp::NotEqual => CmpOp::Ne,
+            AstBinaryOp::Less => CmpOp::Lt,
+            AstBinaryOp::LessEqual => CmpOp::Le,
+            AstBinaryOp::Greater => CmpOp::Gt,
+            AstBinaryOp::GreaterEqual => CmpOp::Ge,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::{fs::File, io::BufRead};
 use clap::Parser as ArgParser;
 
 use crate::{frontend::{lexer::Lexer, parser::Parser}, ir::generator::Generator};
-
+use crate::backend::generator::Generator as ASMGerenerator;
 /// Simple minic compiler built by Rust
 #[derive(ArgParser, Debug)]
 #[command(version, about, long_about = None)]
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ struct Args {
     /// Output the generated IR code
     #[arg(short = 'I', long = "ir")]
     output_ir: bool,
+    #[arg(skip)]
+    output_asm: bool,
+    #[arg(short = 't', long = "target", default_value = "ARM32")]
+    target: String,
     /// Use recursive descent parsing
     #[arg(short = 'D', long = "recursive-descent")]
     recursive_descent: bool,
@@ -33,15 +37,18 @@ struct Args {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    let args = Args::parse();
+    let mut args = Args::parse();
     if !args.output_ir {
-        eprintln!("Currently only IR generation is supported. Use -I to enable it.");
-        return;
+        args.output_asm = true;
     }
     if !args.recursive_descent {
         eprintln!("Currently only recursive descent parsing is supported. Use -D to enable it.");
         return;
     }
+    if args.target != "ARM32" {
+        eprintln!("Currently only ARM32 assembly output is supported. Use -t ARM32 to specify the target architecture.");
+        return;
+    }
     let source_path = std::path::Path::new(&args.source);
     let file = match File::open(&args.source) {
         Ok(f) => f,
@@ -76,14 +83,28 @@ fn main() {
     if !generator.get_diagnostics().is_empty() {
         generator.get_diagnostics().print(&format!("{}", source_path.display()), &full_text);
     }
-    if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
-        match std::fs::write(&output_path, ir.iter().map(|instr| instr.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n")) {
-            Ok(_) => println!("IR code written to {}", output_path),
-            Err(e) => eprintln!("Failed to write IR code to {}: {}", output_path, e),
+    if args.output_ir {
+        if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
+            match std::fs::write(&output_path, ir.iter().map(|instr| instr.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n")) {
+                Ok(_) => println!("IR code written to {}", output_path),
+                Err(e) => eprintln!("Failed to write IR code to {}: {}", output_path, e),
+            }
+        } else {
+            for instr in ir {
+                println!("{}", instr);
+            }
         }
-    } else {
-        for instr in ir {
-            println!("{}", instr);
+    } else if args.output_asm {
+        let mut asm_generator = ASMGerenerator::new();
+        asm_generator.emit(ir);
+        let asm_text = asm_generator.to_text();
+        if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
+            match std::fs::write(&output_path, asm_text) {
+                Ok(_) => println!("Assembly code written to {}", output_path),
+                Err(e) => eprintln!("Failed to write assembly code to {}: {}", output_path, e),   
+            }
+        } else {
+            println!("{}", asm_text);
         }
     }
 }

tools/run_arm_asm.py

@@ -84,6 +84,11 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
         action="store_true",
         help="do not compile tests/std.c with the assembly file",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--stdin-file",
+        type=Path,
+        help="file used as stdin when running the compiled program",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args(tool_args)
     args.program_args = program_args
     return args
@@ -95,9 +100,13 @@ def require_command(command: str) -> None:
         sys.exit(127)
 
 
-def run_command(command: list[str]) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]:
+def run_command(
+    command: list[str],
+    *,
+    stdin: bytes | None = None,
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]:
     try:
-        return subprocess.run(command, capture_output=True, check=False)
+        return subprocess.run(command, input=stdin, capture_output=True, check=False)
     except OSError as err:
         print(f"error: failed to run {command[0]}: {err}", file=sys.stderr)
         sys.exit(127)
@@ -125,6 +134,9 @@ def main() -> int:
     if not args.no_std_c and not std_c.is_file():
         print(f"error: std C file not found: {std_c}", file=sys.stderr)
         return 2
+    if args.stdin_file is not None and not args.stdin_file.is_file():
+        print(f"error: stdin file not found: {args.stdin_file}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
 
     require_command(args.cc)
     require_command(args.qemu)
@@ -164,7 +176,8 @@ def main() -> int:
             print("gdb: use 'si' or 'c'; do not use 'run'", file=sys.stderr, flush=True)
         qemu_cmd.extend([str(output), *args.program_args])
 
-        run_result = run_command(qemu_cmd)
+        stdin = args.stdin_file.read_bytes() if args.stdin_file is not None else None
+        run_result = run_command(qemu_cmd, stdin=stdin)
         sys.stdout.buffer.write(run_result.stdout)
         sys.stderr.buffer.write(run_result.stderr)
         if run_result.stdout and not run_result.stdout.endswith(b"\n"):

tools/run_asm_tests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Run selected numbered testcases through the ARM assembly backend."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ExpectedOutput:
+    stdout: bytes
+    returncode: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Testcase:
+    number: int
+    source: Path
+    input_file: Path | None
+    output_file: Path | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class RunOutput:
+    stdout: bytes
+    returncode: int
+    stderr: bytes
+
+
+def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=(
+            "Run numbered testcases like 1-5,7 with "
+            "`cargo run -- -S -D -o output.s testcase.c`, then "
+            "`tools/run_arm_asm.py output.s`, and compare with testcase.out."
+        )
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("numbers", help="testcase numbers, for example: 1-5,7")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--testcases",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("testcases"),
+        help="testcase directory (default: testcases)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--asm",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("output.s"),
+        help="assembly output path reused for each testcase (default: output.s)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--runner",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("tools/run_arm_asm.py"),
+        help="assembly runner path (default: tools/run_arm_asm.py)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v",
+        "--verbose",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="print compiler/runner stderr for passing cases too",
+    )
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def parse_numbers(spec: str) -> list[int]:
+    numbers: list[int] = []
+    seen: set[int] = set()
+
+    for raw_part in spec.split(","):
+        part = raw_part.strip()
+        if not part:
+            continue
+
+        if "-" in part:
+            bounds = part.split("-", 1)
+            if len(bounds) != 2 or not bounds[0] or not bounds[1]:
+                raise ValueError(f"invalid range: {part!r}")
+            start, end = int(bounds[0]), int(bounds[1])
+            step = 1 if start <= end else -1
+            values = range(start, end + step, step)
+        else:
+            values = (int(part),)
+
+        for value in values:
+            if value <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"testcase number must be positive: {value}")
+            if value not in seen:
+                seen.add(value)
+                numbers.append(value)
+
+    if not numbers:
+        raise ValueError("no testcase numbers specified")
+    return numbers
+
+
+def find_testcase(testcases_dir: Path, number: int) -> Testcase:
+    prefix = f"{number:03d}_"
+    matches = sorted(testcases_dir.glob(f"{prefix}*.c"))
+    if not matches:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"no C testcase found for {number} ({prefix}*.c)")
+    if len(matches) > 1:
+        joined = ", ".join(str(path) for path in matches)
+        raise RuntimeError(f"multiple C testcases found for {number}: {joined}")
+
+    source = matches[0]
+    stem = source.with_suffix("")
+    input_file = stem.with_suffix(".in")
+    output_file = stem.with_suffix(".out")
+    return Testcase(
+        number=number,
+        source=source,
+        input_file=input_file if input_file.is_file() else None,
+        output_file=output_file if output_file.is_file() else None,
+    )
+
+
+def parse_expected(output_file: Path) -> ExpectedOutput:
+    data = output_file.read_bytes()
+    lines = data.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    if not lines:
+        raise ValueError(f"empty expected output file: {output_file}")
+
+    returncode_line = lines[-1].strip()
+    try:
+        returncode = int(returncode_line)
+    except ValueError as err:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"last line of {output_file} is not an integer return code: "
+            f"{returncode_line!r}"
+        ) from err
+
+    return ExpectedOutput(stdout=b"".join(lines[:-1]), returncode=returncode)
+
+
+def normalize_returncode(returncode: int) -> int:
+    return returncode & 255
+
+
+def strip_trailing_newlines(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    return data.rstrip(b"\r\n")
+
+
+def run_command(command: list[str]) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        check=False,
+    )
+
+
+def format_bytes(data: bytes) -> str:
+    if not data:
+        return "<empty>"
+    try:
+        return data.decode()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        return repr(data)
+
+
+def format_bytes_debug(data: bytes) -> str:
+    return f"{data!r} ({len(data)} bytes)"
+
+
+def parse_runner_output(result: subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]) -> RunOutput:
+    lines = result.stdout.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    if not lines:
+        return RunOutput(stdout=b"", returncode=normalize_returncode(result.returncode), stderr=result.stderr)
+
+    last_line = lines[-1].strip()
+    marker = b"$? = "
+    if not last_line.startswith(marker):
+        return RunOutput(stdout=result.stdout, returncode=normalize_returncode(result.returncode), stderr=result.stderr)
+
+    try:
+        returncode = int(last_line[len(marker) :])
+    except ValueError:
+        return RunOutput(stdout=result.stdout, returncode=normalize_returncode(result.returncode), stderr=result.stderr)
+
+    return RunOutput(stdout=b"".join(lines[:-1]), returncode=normalize_returncode(returncode), stderr=result.stderr)
+
+
+def print_failure_detail(
+    testcase: Testcase,
+    *,
+    expected: ExpectedOutput | None,
+    actual_stdout: bytes,
+    actual_returncode: int | None,
+    stderr: bytes,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> None:
+    print(f"  source: {testcase.source}")
+    if testcase.input_file is not None:
+        print(f"  input:  {testcase.input_file}")
+    if expected is not None:
+        print("  expected stdout:")
+        print(format_bytes(expected.stdout), end="" if expected.stdout.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+        print(f"  expected stdout bytes: {format_bytes_debug(expected.stdout)}")
+        print(f"  expected returncode: {expected.returncode}")
+    print("  actual stdout:")
+    print(format_bytes(actual_stdout), end="" if actual_stdout.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+    print(f"  actual stdout bytes:   {format_bytes_debug(actual_stdout)}")
+    if actual_returncode is not None:
+        print(f"  actual returncode:   {actual_returncode}")
+    if stderr and (verbose or expected is None):
+        print("  stderr:")
+        print(format_bytes(stderr), end="" if stderr.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+
+
+def run_testcase(
+    testcase: Testcase,
+    *,
+    asm_file: Path,
+    runner: Path,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> bool:
+    compile_cmd = [
+        "cargo",
+        "run",
+        "--",
+        "-S",
+        "-D",
+        "-o",
+        str(asm_file),
+        str(testcase.source),
+    ]
+    compile_result = run_command(compile_cmd)
+    if compile_result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} compile failed")
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=None,
+            actual_stdout=compile_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=compile_result.returncode,
+            stderr=compile_result.stderr,
+            verbose=True,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    run_cmd = [str(runner), str(asm_file)]
+    if testcase.input_file is not None:
+        run_cmd.extend(["--stdin-file", str(testcase.input_file)])
+    run_result = parse_runner_output(run_command(run_cmd))
+
+    if testcase.output_file is None:
+        print(f"[SKIP] {testcase.number:03d} missing .out: {testcase.source.name}")
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=None,
+            actual_stdout=run_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=run_result.returncode,
+            stderr=run_result.stderr,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    expected = parse_expected(testcase.output_file)
+    ok = (
+        strip_trailing_newlines(run_result.stdout)
+        == strip_trailing_newlines(expected.stdout)
+        and run_result.returncode == expected.returncode
+    )
+
+    status = "PASS" if ok else "FAIL"
+    print(f"[{status}] {testcase.number:03d} {testcase.source.name}")
+    if not ok or (verbose and (compile_result.stderr or run_result.stderr)):
+        if verbose and compile_result.stderr:
+            print("  compiler stderr:")
+            print(
+                format_bytes(compile_result.stderr),
+                end="" if compile_result.stderr.endswith(b"\n") else "\n",
+            )
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=expected,
+            actual_stdout=run_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=run_result.returncode,
+            stderr=run_result.stderr,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+    return ok
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        numbers = parse_numbers(args.numbers)
+        testcases = [find_testcase(args.testcases, number) for number in numbers]
+    except (OSError, RuntimeError, ValueError) as err:
+        print(f"error: {err}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+    passed = 0
+    for testcase in testcases:
+        try:
+            if run_testcase(
+                testcase,
+                asm_file=args.asm,
+                runner=args.runner,
+                verbose=args.verbose,
+            ):
+                passed += 1
+        except OSError as err:
+            print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} failed to run command: {err}")
+        except ValueError as err:
+            print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} invalid expected output: {err}")
+
+    total = len(testcases)
+    failed = total - passed
+    print(f"\nsummary: {passed}/{total} passed, {failed} failed")
+    return 0 if failed == 0 else 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())

tools/run_ir_tests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Run selected numbered testcases through the IR backend and IRCompiler."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ExpectedOutput:
+    stdout: bytes
+    returncode: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Testcase:
+    number: int
+    source: Path
+    input_file: Path | None
+    output_file: Path | None
+
+
+def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=(
+            "Run numbered testcases like 1-5,7 with "
+            "`cargo run -- -I -S -D -o output.ir testcase.c`, then "
+            "`tools/IRCompiler -R output.ir`, and compare with testcase.out."
+        )
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("numbers", help="testcase numbers, for example: 1-5,7")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--testcases",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("testcases"),
+        help="testcase directory (default: testcases)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--ir",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("output.ir"),
+        help="IR output path reused for each testcase (default: output.ir)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--ircompiler",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path("tools/IRCompiler"),
+        help="IRCompiler path (default: tools/IRCompiler)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v",
+        "--verbose",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="print compiler/interpreter stderr for passing cases too",
+    )
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def parse_numbers(spec: str) -> list[int]:
+    numbers: list[int] = []
+    seen: set[int] = set()
+
+    for raw_part in spec.split(","):
+        part = raw_part.strip()
+        if not part:
+            continue
+
+        if "-" in part:
+            bounds = part.split("-", 1)
+            if len(bounds) != 2 or not bounds[0] or not bounds[1]:
+                raise ValueError(f"invalid range: {part!r}")
+            start, end = int(bounds[0]), int(bounds[1])
+            step = 1 if start <= end else -1
+            values = range(start, end + step, step)
+        else:
+            values = (int(part),)
+
+        for value in values:
+            if value <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"testcase number must be positive: {value}")
+            if value not in seen:
+                seen.add(value)
+                numbers.append(value)
+
+    if not numbers:
+        raise ValueError("no testcase numbers specified")
+    return numbers
+
+
+def find_testcase(testcases_dir: Path, number: int) -> Testcase:
+    prefix = f"{number:03d}_"
+    matches = sorted(testcases_dir.glob(f"{prefix}*.c"))
+    if not matches:
+        raise FileNotFoundError(f"no C testcase found for {number} ({prefix}*.c)")
+    if len(matches) > 1:
+        joined = ", ".join(str(path) for path in matches)
+        raise RuntimeError(f"multiple C testcases found for {number}: {joined}")
+
+    source = matches[0]
+    stem = source.with_suffix("")
+    input_file = stem.with_suffix(".in")
+    output_file = stem.with_suffix(".out")
+    return Testcase(
+        number=number,
+        source=source,
+        input_file=input_file if input_file.is_file() else None,
+        output_file=output_file if output_file.is_file() else None,
+    )
+
+
+def parse_expected(output_file: Path) -> ExpectedOutput:
+    data = output_file.read_bytes()
+    lines = data.splitlines(keepends=True)
+    if not lines:
+        raise ValueError(f"empty expected output file: {output_file}")
+
+    returncode_line = lines[-1].strip()
+    try:
+        returncode = int(returncode_line)
+    except ValueError as err:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"last line of {output_file} is not an integer return code: "
+            f"{returncode_line!r}"
+        ) from err
+
+    return ExpectedOutput(stdout=b"".join(lines[:-1]), returncode=returncode)
+
+
+def normalize_returncode(returncode: int) -> int:
+    return returncode & 255
+
+
+def strip_trailing_newlines(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+    return data.rstrip(b"\r\n")
+
+
+def run_command(
+    command: list[str],
+    *,
+    stdin: bytes | None = None,
+) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[bytes]:
+    return subprocess.run(
+        command,
+        input=stdin,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        check=False,
+    )
+
+
+def format_bytes(data: bytes) -> str:
+    if not data:
+        return "<empty>"
+    try:
+        return data.decode()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        return repr(data)
+
+
+def format_bytes_debug(data: bytes) -> str:
+    return f"{data!r} ({len(data)} bytes)"
+
+
+def print_failure_detail(
+    testcase: Testcase,
+    *,
+    expected: ExpectedOutput | None,
+    actual_stdout: bytes,
+    actual_returncode: int | None,
+    stderr: bytes,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> None:
+    print(f"  source: {testcase.source}")
+    if testcase.input_file is not None:
+        print(f"  input:  {testcase.input_file}")
+    if expected is not None:
+        print("  expected stdout:")
+        print(format_bytes(expected.stdout), end="" if expected.stdout.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+        print(f"  expected stdout bytes: {format_bytes_debug(expected.stdout)}")
+        print(f"  expected returncode: {expected.returncode}")
+    print("  actual stdout:")
+    print(format_bytes(actual_stdout), end="" if actual_stdout.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+    print(f"  actual stdout bytes:   {format_bytes_debug(actual_stdout)}")
+    if actual_returncode is not None:
+        print(f"  actual returncode:   {actual_returncode}")
+    if stderr and (verbose or expected is None):
+        print("  stderr:")
+        print(format_bytes(stderr), end="" if stderr.endswith(b"\n") else "\n")
+
+
+def run_testcase(
+    testcase: Testcase,
+    *,
+    ir_file: Path,
+    ircompiler: Path,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> bool:
+    compile_cmd = [
+        "cargo",
+        "run",
+        "--",
+        "-I",
+        "-S",
+        "-D",
+        "-o",
+        str(ir_file),
+        str(testcase.source),
+    ]
+    compile_result = run_command(compile_cmd)
+    if compile_result.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} compile failed")
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=None,
+            actual_stdout=compile_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=compile_result.returncode,
+            stderr=compile_result.stderr,
+            verbose=True,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    stdin = testcase.input_file.read_bytes() if testcase.input_file is not None else None
+    run_result = run_command([str(ircompiler), "-R", str(ir_file)], stdin=stdin)
+
+    if testcase.output_file is None:
+        print(f"[SKIP] {testcase.number:03d} missing .out: {testcase.source.name}")
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=None,
+            actual_stdout=run_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=run_result.returncode,
+            stderr=run_result.stderr,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    expected = parse_expected(testcase.output_file)
+    actual_returncode = normalize_returncode(run_result.returncode)
+    ok = (
+        strip_trailing_newlines(run_result.stdout)
+        == strip_trailing_newlines(expected.stdout)
+        and actual_returncode == expected.returncode
+    )
+
+    status = "PASS" if ok else "FAIL"
+    print(f"[{status}] {testcase.number:03d} {testcase.source.name}")
+    if not ok or (verbose and (compile_result.stderr or run_result.stderr)):
+        if verbose and compile_result.stderr:
+            print("  compiler stderr:")
+            print(
+                format_bytes(compile_result.stderr),
+                end="" if compile_result.stderr.endswith(b"\n") else "\n",
+            )
+        print_failure_detail(
+            testcase,
+            expected=expected,
+            actual_stdout=run_result.stdout,
+            actual_returncode=actual_returncode,
+            stderr=run_result.stderr,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+    return ok
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        numbers = parse_numbers(args.numbers)
+        testcases = [find_testcase(args.testcases, number) for number in numbers]
+    except (OSError, RuntimeError, ValueError) as err:
+        print(f"error: {err}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+    passed = 0
+    for testcase in testcases:
+        try:
+            if run_testcase(
+                testcase,
+                ir_file=args.ir,
+                ircompiler=args.ircompiler,
+                verbose=args.verbose,
+            ):
+                passed += 1
+        except OSError as err:
+            print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} failed to run command: {err}")
+        except ValueError as err:
+            print(f"[FAIL] {testcase.number:03d} invalid expected output: {err}")
+
+    total = len(testcases)
+    failed = total - passed
+    print(f"\nsummary: {passed}/{total} passed, {failed} failed")
+    return 0 if failed == 0 else 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())