feat(ir,backend,frontend): Support for and revise ir array param generate

src/ast/graph.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use petgraph::dot::{Config, Dot};
 use petgraph::graph::{Graph, NodeIndex};
 
 use crate::ast::types::{
-    ArrayDimension, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfStmt, Param, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue, WhileStmt
+    ArrayDimension, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, ForInit, ForStmt, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfStmt, Param, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue, WhileStmt
 };
 
 pub type AstGraph = Graph<String, String>;
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
         for dimension in &value.dimensions {
             self.add_array_dimension(node, dimension);
         }
+        if let Some(expr) = &value.value {
+            self.add_expr(node, expr);
+        }
         node
     }
 
@@ -134,6 +137,7 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
             },
             Statement::If(if_stmt) => self.add_if_stmt(parent, if_stmt),
             Statement::While(while_stmt) => self.add_while_stmt(parent, while_stmt),
+            Statement::For(for_stmt) => self.add_for_stmt(parent, for_stmt),
             Statement::Break(break_stmt) => self.add_break_stmt(parent, break_stmt),
             Statement::Continue(continue_stmt) => self.add_continue_stmt(parent, continue_stmt),
         }
@@ -160,6 +164,42 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
         self.add_block_stmt(node, &while_stmt.body);
         node
     }
+    fn add_for_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, for_stmt: &ForStmt) -> NodeIndex {
+        let node = self.child(parent, for_stmt.to_string());
+        match &for_stmt.init {
+            Some(ForInit::Expr(expr)) => {
+                let init = self.child(node, "Init");
+                self.add_expr(init, expr);
+            }
+            Some(ForInit::VarDecl(var_decl)) => {
+                let init = self.child(node, "Init");
+                self.add_var_decl(init, var_decl);
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.child(node, "NoInit");
+            }
+        }
+        match &for_stmt.condition {
+            Some(expr) => {
+                let condition = self.child(node, "Condition");
+                self.add_expr(condition, expr);
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.child(node, "NoCondition");
+            }
+        }
+        match &for_stmt.update {
+            Some(expr) => {
+                let update = self.child(node, "Update");
+                self.add_expr(update, expr);
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.child(node, "NoUpdate");
+            }
+        }
+        self.add_block_stmt(node, &for_stmt.body);
+        node
+    }
     fn add_break_stmt(&mut self, parent: NodeIndex, break_stmt: &BreakStmt) -> NodeIndex {
         self.child(parent, break_stmt.to_string())
     }
@@ -200,6 +240,11 @@ impl AstGraphBuilder {
                 self.add_expr(node, operand);
                 node
             }
+            ExprValue::IncDec { operand, .. } => {
+                let node = self.child(parent, expr.value.to_string());
+                self.add_expr(node, operand);
+                node
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/ast/parser.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     ast::types::{
-        ArrayDimension, BinaryOp, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfElseBranch, IfStmt, Param, ReturnStmt, Statement, UnaryOp, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue, WhileStmt
+        ArrayDimension, BinaryOp, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, ForInit, ForStmt, FuncDeclStmt, GlobalDeclStmt, IfElseBranch, IfStmt, IncDecOp, Param, ReturnStmt, Statement, UnaryOp, VarDeclStmt, VarDeclStmtValue, WhileStmt
     },
     diagnostic::{Diagnositics, span::Span},
     lexer::{
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ impl Parser {
     fn peek(&self) -> &Token {
         self.tokens.get(self.pos).unwrap_or(&self.eof_token)
     }
+    fn peek_n(&self, n: usize) -> &Token {
+        self.tokens.get(self.pos + n).unwrap_or(&self.eof_token)
+    }
     fn next(&mut self) -> Token {
         let token = self.peek().clone();
         if !matches!(token.value, TokenValue::Eof) {
@@ -294,6 +297,10 @@ impl Parser {
     //     }
     // }
     fn parse_var_decl_stmt(&mut self, parse_type: ParseType) -> Result<VarDeclStmt, ParseProcessError> {
+        self.parse_var_decl_stmt_inner(parse_type, true)
+    }
+
+    fn parse_var_decl_stmt_inner(&mut self, parse_type: ParseType, consume_semicolon: bool) -> Result<VarDeclStmt, ParseProcessError> {
         assert!(!self.is_eof());
         let mut values = vec![];
         let (var_type, name, type_span, name_span) = match self.parse_type_and_name(parse_type) {
@@ -307,7 +314,13 @@ impl Parser {
             }
         };
         let dimensions = self.parse_array_dimensions(false)?;
-        values.push(VarDeclStmtValue { name, name_span, dimensions });
+        let value = if self.peek().value == TokenValue::Equal {
+            self.advance(1);
+            Some(self.parse_expr()?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        values.push(VarDeclStmtValue { name, name_span, dimensions, value });
         let mut last_name = true; // indicate whether the last parsed token is a variable name
         while !self.is_eof() {
             if matches!(self.peek().value, TokenValue::Semicolon) { // statement end
@@ -327,7 +340,13 @@ impl Parser {
             if let Some(ident) = self.peek().value.as_ident() {
                 let span = self.next().span;
                 let dimensions = self.parse_array_dimensions(false)?;
-                values.push(VarDeclStmtValue { name: ident, name_span: span, dimensions });
+                let value = if self.peek().value == TokenValue::Equal {
+                    self.advance(1);
+                    Some(self.parse_expr()?)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                values.push(VarDeclStmtValue { name: ident, name_span: span, dimensions, value });
                 last_name = true;
             } else {
                 let token = self.next().clone();
@@ -338,7 +357,9 @@ impl Parser {
                 return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
             }
         }
-        self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::Semicolon, "`;`")?;
+        if consume_semicolon {
+            self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::Semicolon, "`;`")?;
+        }
         Ok(VarDeclStmt { values, type_span, data_type: var_type.into()  })
     }
 
@@ -457,6 +478,11 @@ impl Parser {
             Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch) => return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch),
             Err(_) => {},
         }
+        match self.parse_for_stmt() {
+            Ok(for_stmt) => return Ok(Statement::For(for_stmt)),
+            Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch) => return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch),
+            Err(_) => {},
+        }
         match self.parse_break_stmt() {
             Ok(break_stmt) => return Ok(Statement::Break(break_stmt)),
             Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch) => return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch),
@@ -593,6 +619,48 @@ impl Parser {
         })
     }
 
+    fn parse_for_stmt(&mut self) -> Result<ForStmt, ParseProcessError> {
+        assert!(!self.is_eof());
+        if self.peek().value != TokenValue::For {
+            return Err(ParseProcessError::TryNext);
+        }
+        self.advance(1);
+        self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::LParen, "`(`")?;
+        let init = if self.peek().value == TokenValue::Semicolon {
+            None
+        } else if matches!(self.peek().value, TokenValue::TypeIdent(_)) {
+            Some(ForInit::VarDecl(self.parse_var_decl_stmt_inner(ParseType::MustParse, false)?))
+        } else {
+            Some(ForInit::Expr(self.parse_expr()?))
+        };
+        self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::Semicolon, "`;`")?;
+        let condition = if self.peek().value == TokenValue::Semicolon {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.parse_expr()?)
+        };
+        self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::Semicolon, "`;`")?;
+        let update = if self.peek().value == TokenValue::RParen {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(self.parse_expr()?)
+        };
+        self.must_match_token(&TokenValue::RParen, "`)`")?;
+        let body;
+        if self.peek().value != TokenValue::LBrace {
+            let stmt = self.parse_stmt()?;
+            body = BlockStmt { statements: vec![stmt] };
+        } else {
+            body = self.parse_block_stmt(ParseType::MustParse)?;
+        }
+        Ok(ForStmt {
+            init,
+            condition,
+            update,
+            body,
+        })
+    }
+
     fn parse_break_stmt(&mut self) -> Result<BreakStmt, ParseProcessError> {
         assert!(!self.is_eof());
         let start_span = self.peek().span;
@@ -747,41 +815,63 @@ impl Parser {
     }
     fn parse_primary(&mut self) -> Result<Expr, ParseProcessError> {
         let mut expr = self.parse_primary_atom()?;
-        while self.peek().value == TokenValue::LBracket {
+        loop {
-            let start_span = expr.span;
+            if self.peek().value == TokenValue::LBracket {
-            self.advance(1);
+                let start_span = expr.span;
-            let index = if self.is_eof() {
+                self.advance(1);
-                    self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(ParseError::ExpectButEof("array index expression"), start_span);
+                let index = if self.is_eof() {
-                    return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
+                        self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(ParseError::ExpectButEof("array index expression"), start_span);
-            } else {
+                        return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
-                self.parse_expr()?
+                } else {
-            };
+                    self.parse_expr()?
-            let end_span = match &self.peek().value {
+                };
-                TokenValue::RBracket => {
+                let end_span = match &self.peek().value {
-                    let span = self.peek().span;
+                    TokenValue::RBracket => {
-                    self.advance(1);
+                        let span = self.peek().span;
-                    span
+                        self.advance(1);
-                }
+                        span
-                TokenValue::Eof => {
+                    }
-                    self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(ParseError::ExpectButEof("`]`"), index.span);
+                    TokenValue::Eof => {
-                    return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
+                        self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(ParseError::ExpectButEof("`]`"), index.span);
-                }
+                        return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
-                _ => {
+                    }
-                    let token = self.next();
+                    _ => {
-                    self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(
+                        let token = self.next();
-                        ParseError::UnexpectedToken(token.value, "`]`"),
+                        self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(
-                        token.span,
+                            ParseError::UnexpectedToken(token.value, "`]`"),
-                    );
+                            token.span,
-                    return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
+                        );
-                }
+                        return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
-            };
+                    }
-            expr = Expr {
+                };
-                value: ExprValue::ArrayAccess {
+                expr = Expr {
-                    array: Box::new(expr),
+                    value: ExprValue::ArrayAccess {
-                    index: Box::new(index),
+                        array: Box::new(expr),
-                },
+                        index: Box::new(index),
-                span: Span::from_two(start_span, end_span),
+                    },
+                    span: Span::from_two(start_span, end_span),
+                };
+                continue;
+            }
+            let op = match (&self.peek().value, &self.peek_n(1).value) {
+                (TokenValue::Plus, TokenValue::Plus) => Some(IncDecOp::Inc),
+                (TokenValue::Minus, TokenValue::Minus) => Some(IncDecOp::Dec),
+                _ => None,
             };
+            if let Some(op) = op {
+                let end_span = self.peek_n(1).span;
+                self.advance(2);
+                expr = Expr {
+                    span: Span::from_two(expr.span, end_span),
+                    value: ExprValue::IncDec {
+                        op,
+                        operand: Box::new(expr),
+                        is_prefix: false,
+                    },
+                };
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
         }
         Ok(expr)
     }
@@ -790,6 +880,27 @@ impl Parser {
         let token = self.peek().clone();
         match token.value {
             TokenValue::Plus => {
+                if self.peek_n(1).value == TokenValue::Plus {
+                    self.advance(2);
+                    let expr = if self.is_eof() {
+                            self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(
+                                ParseError::ExpectButEof("expression"),
+                                token.span,
+                            );
+                            return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
+                    } else {
+                        self.parse_unary()?
+                    };
+                    let span = Span::from_two(token.span, expr.span);
+                    return Ok(Expr {
+                        value: ExprValue::IncDec {
+                            op: IncDecOp::Inc,
+                            operand: Box::new(expr),
+                            is_prefix: true,
+                        },
+                        span,
+                    });
+                }
                 self.advance(1);
                 let expr = if self.is_eof() {
                         self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(
@@ -810,6 +921,27 @@ impl Parser {
                 })
             }
             TokenValue::Minus => {
+                if self.peek_n(1).value == TokenValue::Minus {
+                    self.advance(2);
+                    let rhs = if self.is_eof() {
+                            self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(
+                                ParseError::ExpectButEof("expression"),
+                                token.span,
+                            );
+                            return Err(ParseProcessError::ErrorInMatch);
+                    } else {
+                        self.parse_unary()?
+                    };
+                    let span = Span::from_two(token.span, rhs.span);
+                    return Ok(Expr {
+                        value: ExprValue::IncDec {
+                            op: IncDecOp::Dec,
+                            operand: Box::new(rhs),
+                            is_prefix: true,
+                        },
+                        span,
+                    });
+                }
                 self.advance(1);
                 let rhs = if self.is_eof() {
                         self.diagnostics.add_from_frontend_error(

src/ast/types.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub struct VarDeclStmtValue {
     pub name: String,
     pub name_span: Span,
     pub dimensions: Vec<ArrayDimension>,
+    pub value: Option<Expr>,
 }
 
 pub struct ArrayDimension {
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ pub enum Statement {
     VarDecl(VarDeclStmt),
     If(IfStmt),
     While(WhileStmt),
+    For(ForStmt),
     Break(BreakStmt),
     Continue(ContinueStmt),
 }
@@ -77,6 +79,16 @@ pub struct WhileStmt {
     pub body: BlockStmt,
     // pub span: Span,
 }
+pub struct ForStmt {
+    pub init: Option<ForInit>,
+    pub condition: Option<Expr>,
+    pub update: Option<Expr>,
+    pub body: BlockStmt,
+}
+pub enum ForInit {
+    Expr(Expr),
+    VarDecl(VarDeclStmt),
+}
 pub struct BreakStmt {
     pub span: Span,
 }
@@ -107,6 +119,11 @@ pub enum ExprValue {
         op: UnaryOp,
         operand: Box<Expr>,
     },
+    IncDec {
+        op: IncDecOp,
+        operand: Box<Expr>,
+        is_prefix: bool,
+    },
     FuncCall(String, Vec<Expr>),
     Assign {
         lvalue: Box<Expr>, 
@@ -124,6 +141,11 @@ pub enum BinaryOp {
 pub enum UnaryOp {
     Add, Sub, Not,
 }
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum IncDecOp {
+    Inc,
+    Dec,
+}
 impl BinaryOp {
     pub fn from_token_value(token_value: &TokenValue) -> Option<Self> {
         match token_value {
@@ -227,6 +249,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for Statement {
             Statement::VarDecl(_) => write!(f, "VarDeclStmt"),
             Statement::If(_) => write!(f, "IfStmt"),
             Statement::While(_) => write!(f, "WhileStmt"),
+            Statement::For(_) => write!(f, "ForStmt"),
             Statement::Break(_) => write!(f, "BreakStmt"),
             Statement::Continue(_) => write!(f, "ContinueStmt"),
         }
@@ -249,6 +272,12 @@ impl fmt::Display for WhileStmt {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for ForStmt {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "ForStmt")
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for BreakStmt {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "BreakStmt")
@@ -277,6 +306,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for ExprValue {
             ExprValue::FuncCall(name, _) => write!(f, "FuncCall({})", name),
             ExprValue::Assign { .. } => write!(f, "Assign"),
             ExprValue::UnaryOp { op, .. } => write!(f, "UnaryOp({})", op),
+            ExprValue::IncDec { op, is_prefix, .. } => write!(f, "{}{}", if *is_prefix { "Prefix" } else { "Postfix" }, op),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -317,6 +347,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for UnaryOp {
         write!(f, "{}", op)
     }
 }
+impl fmt::Display for IncDecOp {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            IncDecOp::Inc => write!(f, "Inc"),
+            IncDecOp::Dec => write!(f, "Dec"),
+        }
+    }
+}
 impl fmt::Display for Type {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {

src/backend/generator.rs

@@ -78,6 +78,23 @@ fn emit_store_stack(src: Register, offset: i32, reg_allocator: &mut RegisterAllo
 fn load_variable(variable: Variable, reg_allocator: &mut RegisterAllocator, var_index_to_stack_offset: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>, instrs: &mut Vec<ARMInstr>) -> RegisterAlloc {
     if variable.data_type.is_array() {
         let var_alloc = reg_allocator.alloc(variable.clone()).expect("Ran out of registers");
+        if variable.data_type.is_array_param() {
+            match variable.var_type {
+                VariableType::ParamTemp(param_index) => {
+                    if param_index < ARG_REGS.len() {
+                        instrs.push(MoveInstr::new_uncond(var_alloc.reg, RegisterOrImm::Reg(ARG_REGS[param_index])));
+                    } else {
+                        let stack_arg_offset = 8 + ((param_index - ARG_REGS.len()) * 4);
+                        instrs.push(LoadInstr::new(var_alloc.reg, REG_FP, Some(RegisterOrImm::Imm(stack_arg_offset as i32))));
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    let stack_offset = var_index_to_stack_offset.get(&variable.index).expect("Variable not declared");
+                    emit_load_stack(var_alloc.reg, *stack_offset as i32, reg_allocator, instrs);
+                }
+            }
+            return var_alloc;
+        }
         match variable.var_type {
             VariableType::Global => {
                 instrs.push(LoadPseudoInstr::new(var_alloc.reg, format!("global_var_{}", variable.index)));
@@ -213,7 +230,7 @@ impl Generator {
                 IRInstr::Store(addr, value) => self.emit_store(addr, value, &var_index_to_stack_offset),
                 IRInstr::Declare(variable) => {
                     assert!(!encounter_entry, "Variable declarations must come before entry instruction");
-                    let size = variable.data_type.size_in_bytes();
+                    let size = if variable.data_type.is_array_param() { 4 } else { variable.data_type.size_in_bytes() };
                     stack_size_needed = (stack_size_needed + size).next_multiple_of(ARM_STACK_ALIGNMENT);
                     var_index_to_stack_offset.insert(variable.index, stack_size_needed);
                 },

src/ir/generator.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, vec};
 
-use crate::{ir::types::{CmpOp, Function, IRInstr, IRType, MoveRValue, UnaryOp, Variable, VariableOrIntLit, VariableType}, sema::{analyzer::Analyzer as SemaAnalyzer, hir::{HirBlockStmt, HirBreakStmt, HirCompileUnit, HirContinueStmt, HirExpr, HirExprValue, HirFuncDeclStmt, HirGlobalDeclStmt, HirIfElseBranch, HirIfStmt, HirReturnStmt, HirStatement, HirVarDeclStmt, HirWhileStmt}, symbol::{FunctionId, SymbolId}}};
+use crate::{ir::types::{BinaryOp as IRBinaryOp, CmpOp, Function, IRInstr, IRType, MoveRValue, UnaryOp, Variable, VariableOrIntLit, VariableType}, sema::{analyzer::Analyzer as SemaAnalyzer, hir::{HirBlockStmt, HirBreakStmt, HirCompileUnit, HirContinueStmt, HirExpr, HirExprValue, HirForInit, HirForStmt, HirFuncDeclStmt, HirGlobalDeclStmt, HirIfElseBranch, HirIfStmt, HirReturnStmt, HirStatement, HirVarDeclStmt, HirWhileStmt}, symbol::{FunctionId, SymbolId}}};
 use crate::ast::types::BinaryOp as AstBinaryOp;
 use crate::ast::types::UnaryOp as AstUnaryOp;
 pub struct Generator<'a> {
@@ -64,11 +64,24 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
 
     fn generate_var_decl(&mut self, var_decl: HirVarDeclStmt, is_global: bool) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
         let mut instrs = vec![];
-        let var_type = if is_global { VariableType::Global } else { VariableType::Local };
         for value in var_decl.values {
+            let var_type = if is_global { VariableType::Global } else { VariableType::Local };
             let var = self.var_manager.declare_symbol(value.symbol, var_type, self.sema.get_symbol_type(value.symbol).into());
             if is_global {
                 instrs.push(IRInstr::Declare(var));
+            } else if let Some(init) = value.value {
+                self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+                let (init_instrs, init_var) = match self.generate_expr(init) {
+                    Some(res) => res,
+                    None => {
+                        self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                };
+                self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                let target = self.var_manager.get_symbol(value.symbol).unwrap();
+                instrs.extend(init_instrs);
+                instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(target, MoveRValue::Var(init_var.unwrap())));
             }
         }
 
@@ -125,6 +138,7 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             Return(return_stmt) => self.generate_return_stmt(return_stmt),
             If(if_stmt) => self.generate_if_stmt(if_stmt),
             While(while_stmt) => self.generate_while_stmt(while_stmt),
+            For(for_stmt) => self.generate_for_stmt(for_stmt),
             Break(break_stmt) => self.generate_break_stmt(break_stmt),
             Continue(continue_stmt) => self.generate_continue_stmt(continue_stmt),
             Block(block_stmt) => {
@@ -193,6 +207,69 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
         instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit_label));
         instrs
     }
+    fn generate_for_stmt(&mut self, for_stmt: HirForStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
+        let mut instrs = vec![];
+        let cond_label = self.request_label();
+        let body_label = self.request_label();
+        let update_label = self.request_label();
+        let exit_label = self.request_label();
+
+        if let Some(init) = for_stmt.init {
+            match init {
+                HirForInit::Expr(init) => {
+                    self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+                    let (init_instrs, _) = match self.generate_expr(init) {
+                        Some(res) => res,
+                        None => {
+                            self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                            return vec![];
+                        }
+                    };
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    instrs.extend(init_instrs);
+                }
+                HirForInit::VarDecl(var_decl) => {
+                    instrs.extend(self.generate_var_decl(var_decl, false));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(cond_label));
+        if let Some(condition) = for_stmt.condition {
+            self.current_exit_label.push(Some((body_label, exit_label)));
+            let (cond_instrs, _) = match self.generate_expr(condition) {
+                Some(res) => res,
+                None => {
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    return vec![];
+                }
+            };
+            self.current_exit_label.pop();
+            instrs.extend(cond_instrs);
+        }
+
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(body_label));
+        self.while_exit_label.push((update_label, exit_label));
+        instrs.extend(self.generate_block_stmt(for_stmt.body));
+        self.while_exit_label.pop();
+
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(update_label));
+        if let Some(update) = for_stmt.update {
+            self.current_exit_label.push(None);
+            let (update_instrs, _) = match self.generate_expr(update) {
+                Some(res) => res,
+                None => {
+                    self.current_exit_label.pop();
+                    return vec![];
+                }
+            };
+            self.current_exit_label.pop();
+            instrs.extend(update_instrs);
+        }
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Goto(cond_label));
+        instrs.push(IRInstr::Label(exit_label));
+        instrs
+    }
     fn generate_if_stmt(&mut self, if_stmt: HirIfStmt) -> Vec<IRInstr> {
         let mut instrs = vec![];
         let then_label = self.request_label();
@@ -274,9 +351,13 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             HirExprValue::Var(symbol) => {
                 let var = self.var_manager.get_symbol(symbol).unwrap();
                 if var.data_type.is_array() {
-                    let ptr_ty = var.data_type.decay_to_ptr().unwrap();
+                    if var.data_type.is_array_param() {
-                    let dest = self.var_manager.declare_temp(ptr_ty);
+                        (vec![], Some(var))
-                    (vec![IRInstr::Move(dest.clone(), MoveRValue::Var(var))], Some(dest))
+                    } else {
+                        let ptr_ty = var.data_type.decay_to_ptr().unwrap();
+                        let dest = self.var_manager.declare_temp(ptr_ty);
+                        (vec![IRInstr::Move(dest.clone(), MoveRValue::Var(var))], Some(dest))
+                    }
                 } else {
                     (vec![], Some(var))
                 }
@@ -372,6 +453,35 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
                 };
                 (instrs, Some(dest_var))
             },
+            HirExprValue::IncDec { op, operand, is_prefix } => {
+                let result_ty: IRType = expr.ty.clone().into();
+                let (mut instrs, target, is_addr) = self.generate_lvalue(*operand)?;
+                let old_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(result_ty.clone());
+                if is_addr {
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Load(old_var.clone(), target.clone()));
+                } else {
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(old_var.clone(), MoveRValue::Var(target.clone())));
+                }
+
+                let one = self.var_manager.declare_temp(result_ty.clone());
+                instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(one.clone(), MoveRValue::ConstInt(1)));
+                let new_var = self.var_manager.declare_temp(result_ty.clone());
+                let ir_op = match op {
+                    crate::ast::types::IncDecOp::Inc => IRBinaryOp::Add,
+                    crate::ast::types::IncDecOp::Dec => IRBinaryOp::Sub,
+                };
+                instrs.push(IRInstr::Binary(new_var.clone(), old_var.clone(), ir_op, one));
+                if is_addr {
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Store(target, new_var.clone()));
+                } else {
+                    instrs.push(IRInstr::Move(target, MoveRValue::Var(new_var.clone())));
+                }
+                if is_prefix {
+                    (instrs, Some(new_var))
+                } else {
+                    (instrs, Some(old_var))
+                }
+            },
             HirExprValue::BinaryOp { lhs, op, rhs } => {
                 // +--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
                 // | parent | (true_exit, false_exit) | (true_exit, false_exit) | (true_exit, false_exit) |
@@ -564,8 +674,12 @@ impl<'a> Generator<'a> {
             HirExprValue::Var(symbol) => {
                 let var = self.var_manager.get_symbol(symbol).unwrap();
                 if var.data_type.is_array() {
-                    let ptr = self.var_manager.declare_temp(var.data_type.decay_to_ptr().unwrap());
+                    if var.data_type.is_array_param() {
-                    (vec![IRInstr::Move(ptr.clone(), MoveRValue::Var(var))], ptr)
+                        (vec![], var)
+                    } else {
+                        let ptr = self.var_manager.declare_temp(var.data_type.decay_to_ptr().unwrap());
+                        (vec![IRInstr::Move(ptr.clone(), MoveRValue::Var(var))], ptr)
+                    }
                 } else {
                     (vec![], var)
                 }

src/ir/types.rs

@@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ impl IRType {
         matches!(self, IRType::Array(_, _))
     }
 
+    pub fn is_array_param(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, IRType::Array(_, dims) if dims.first().is_some_and(|dim| *dim == 0))
+    }
+
     pub fn decay_to_ptr(&self) -> Option<IRType> {
         match self {
             IRType::Array(elem, dims) => {
@@ -236,6 +240,18 @@ impl Variable {
             _ => format!("{} {}", self.data_type, self),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn to_typed_string_with_type(&self, ty: &IRType) -> String {
+        match ty {
+            IRType::Array(_, _) => {
+                let (base_type, dims) = ty.base_type_and_dims();
+                let dims_str = dims.iter().map(|dim| format!("[{}]", dim)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("");
+                format!("{} {}{}", base_type, self, dims_str)
+            }
+            IRType::Ptr(_) => format!("{}* {}", ty.scalar_base_type(), self),
+            _ => format!("{} {}", ty, self),
+        }
+    }
 }
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Function {
@@ -247,7 +263,7 @@ pub struct Function {
 impl Function {
     pub fn to_call_string(&self, args: &Vec<Variable>) -> String {
         assert!(args.len() == self.parameter_types.len());
-        let args_str = args.iter().zip(self.parameter_types.iter()).map(|(arg, param)| format!("{} {}", param, arg)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
+        let args_str = args.iter().zip(self.parameter_types.iter()).map(|(arg, param)| arg.to_typed_string_with_type(param)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
         format!("{} @{}({})", self.return_type, self.name, args_str)
     }
 

src/lexer/lexer.rs

@@ -345,6 +345,9 @@ fn parse_ident(
     if name.eq("while") {
         return Ok(TokenValue::While);
     }
+    if name.eq("for") {
+        return Ok(TokenValue::For);
+    }
     if name.eq("break") {
         return Ok(TokenValue::Break);
     }

src/lexer/types.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub enum TokenValue {
     LBracket, RBracket,
     Comma, Semicolon,
 
-    If, Else, While, Return, Break, Continue,
+    If, Else, While, For, Return, Break, Continue,
 
     Eof,
     Unrecognized,
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for TokenValue {
             TokenValue::If => write!(f, "if"),
             TokenValue::Else => write!(f, "else"),
             TokenValue::While => write!(f, "while"),
+            TokenValue::For => write!(f, "for"),
             TokenValue::Return => write!(f, "return"),
             TokenValue::Break => write!(f, "break"),
             TokenValue::Continue => write!(f, "continue"),
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
     LBracket, RBracket,
     Comma, Semicolon,
 
-    If, Else, While, Return, Break, Continue,
+    If, Else, While, For, Return, Break, Continue,
 
     Eof,
     Unrecognized,

src/sema/analyzer.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
 use crate::{
     ast::types::{
-        ArrayDimension, BinaryOp, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, FuncDeclStmt,
+        ArrayDimension, BinaryOp, BlockStmt, BreakStmt, CompileUnit, ContinueStmt, Expr, ExprValue, ForInit, ForStmt, FuncDeclStmt,
         GlobalDeclStmt, IfElseBranch, IfStmt, ReturnStmt, Statement, VarDeclStmt, WhileStmt,
     },
     diagnostic::{span::Span, Diagnositics},
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
         err::SemaError,
         hir::{
             HirBlockStmt, HirBreakStmt, HirCompileUnit, HirContinueStmt, HirExpr, HirExprValue,
-            HirFuncDeclStmt, HirGlobalDeclStmt, HirIfElseBranch, HirIfStmt, HirParam,
+            HirForInit, HirForStmt, HirFuncDeclStmt, HirGlobalDeclStmt, HirIfElseBranch, HirIfStmt, HirParam,
             HirReturnStmt, HirStatement, HirVarDeclStmt, HirVarDeclStmtValue, HirWhileStmt,
         },
         symbol::{FunctionId, FunctionSig, SymbolId, SymbolKind, SymbolTable},
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ impl Analyzer {
         };
         analyzer.declare_builtin_func("putint", vec![SemaType::I32], SemaType::Void);
         analyzer.declare_builtin_func("putch", vec![SemaType::I32], SemaType::Void);
+        analyzer.declare_builtin_func("putarray", vec![SemaType::I32, SemaType::Array(Box::new(SemaType::I32), vec![0])], SemaType::Void);
         analyzer.declare_builtin_func("getint", vec![], SemaType::I32);
+        analyzer.declare_builtin_func("getarray", vec![SemaType::Array(Box::new(SemaType::I32), vec![0])], SemaType::I32);
         analyzer
     }
 
@@ -102,10 +104,24 @@ impl Analyzer {
         for value in var_decl.values {
             let data_type = self.build_var_type(base_type.clone(), &value.dimensions, false);
             match self.symbols.declare_variable(&value.name, kind, data_type) {
-                Ok(symbol) => values.push(HirVarDeclStmtValue {
+                Ok(symbol) => {
-                    symbol,
+                    let symbol_type = self.symbols.get_symbol(symbol).ty.clone();
-                    name_span: value.name_span,
+                    let init = value.value.and_then(|expr| {
-                }),
+                        let span = expr.span;
+                        let init = self.analyze_expr(expr)?;
+                        if init.ty == SemaType::Void {
+                            self.add_error(SemaError::InvalidOperand(SemaType::Void), span);
+                        } else if !self.type_matches(&symbol_type, &init.ty) {
+                            self.add_error(SemaError::TypeMismatch(symbol_type.clone(), init.ty.clone()), span);
+                        }
+                        Some(init)
+                    });
+                    values.push(HirVarDeclStmtValue {
+                        symbol,
+                        name_span: value.name_span,
+                        value: init,
+                    });
+                }
                 Err(e) => self.add_error(e, value.name_span),
             }
         }
@@ -185,20 +201,11 @@ impl Analyzer {
                         self.add_error(SemaError::InvalidArrayDimension, dimension.span);
                     }
                 }
-                None if is_param && i == 0 => {}
+                None if is_param && i == 0 => dims.push(0),
                 None => self.add_error(SemaError::InvalidArrayDimension, dimension.span),
             }
         }
-        if is_param {
+        SemaType::Array(Box::new(base_type), dims)
-            let pointee_type = if dims.is_empty() {
-                base_type
-            } else {
-                SemaType::Array(Box::new(base_type), dims)
-            };
-            SemaType::Ptr(Box::new(pointee_type))
-        } else {
-            SemaType::Array(Box::new(base_type), dims)
-        }
     }
 
     fn analyze_block_stmt(&mut self, block_stmt: BlockStmt) -> HirBlockStmt {
@@ -216,6 +223,7 @@ impl Analyzer {
             Statement::Return(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::Return(self.analyze_return_stmt(stmt))),
             Statement::If(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::If(self.analyze_if_stmt(stmt))),
             Statement::While(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::While(self.analyze_while_stmt(stmt))),
+            Statement::For(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::For(self.analyze_for_stmt(stmt))),
             Statement::Break(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::Break(self.analyze_break_stmt(stmt))),
             Statement::Continue(stmt) => Some(HirStatement::Continue(self.analyze_continue_stmt(stmt))),
             Statement::Block(stmt) => {
@@ -294,6 +302,26 @@ impl Analyzer {
         }
     }
 
+    fn analyze_for_stmt(&mut self, for_stmt: ForStmt) -> HirForStmt {
+        self.symbols.enter_scope();
+        let init = for_stmt.init.and_then(|init| match init {
+            ForInit::Expr(expr) => self.analyze_expr(expr).map(HirForInit::Expr),
+            ForInit::VarDecl(var_decl) => Some(HirForInit::VarDecl(self.analyze_var_decl(var_decl, SymbolKind::Local))),
+        });
+        let condition = for_stmt.condition.map(|expr| self.analyze_condition_expr(expr));
+        let update = for_stmt.update.and_then(|expr| self.analyze_expr(expr));
+        self.loop_depth += 1;
+        let body = self.analyze_block_stmt(for_stmt.body);
+        self.loop_depth -= 1;
+        self.symbols.exit_scope();
+        HirForStmt {
+            init,
+            condition,
+            update,
+            body,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn analyze_break_stmt(&mut self, stmt: BreakStmt) -> HirBreakStmt {
         if self.loop_depth == 0 {
             self.add_error(SemaError::BreakOutsideLoop, stmt.span);
@@ -369,6 +397,27 @@ impl Analyzer {
                     span,
                 })
             }
+            ExprValue::IncDec { op, operand, is_prefix } => {
+                if !matches!(operand.value, ExprValue::Var(_) | ExprValue::ArrayAccess { .. }) {
+                    self.add_error(SemaError::InvalidAssignmentTarget, operand.span);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let operand_span = operand.span;
+                let operand = self.analyze_expr(*operand)?;
+                if !operand.ty.is_scalar() {
+                    self.add_error(SemaError::InvalidOperand(operand.ty.clone()), operand_span);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                Some(HirExpr {
+                    ty: operand.ty.clone(),
+                    value: HirExprValue::IncDec {
+                        op,
+                        operand: Box::new(operand),
+                        is_prefix,
+                    },
+                    span,
+                })
+            }
             ExprValue::BinaryOp { lhs, op, rhs } => self.analyze_binary_expr(*lhs, op, *rhs, span),
             ExprValue::FuncCall(func_name, args) => self.analyze_func_call_expr(func_name, args, span),
         }
@@ -524,6 +573,11 @@ impl Analyzer {
         if expected == actual {
             return true;
         }
+        if let (SemaType::Array(expected_elem, expected_dims), SemaType::Array(actual_elem, actual_dims)) = (expected, actual) {
+            return expected_elem == actual_elem
+                && expected_dims.len() == actual_dims.len()
+                && expected_dims.iter().zip(actual_dims.iter()).all(|(expected_dim, actual_dim)| *expected_dim == 0 || expected_dim == actual_dim);
+        }
         matches!((expected, actual), (SemaType::Ptr(expected_elem), SemaType::Array(_, _)) if actual.indexed_type().is_some_and(|ty| &ty == expected_elem.as_ref()))
     }
 }

src/sema/hir.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub struct HirVarDeclStmt {
 pub struct HirVarDeclStmtValue {
     pub symbol: SymbolId,
     pub name_span: Span,
+    pub value: Option<HirExpr>,
 }
 
 pub struct HirFuncDeclStmt {
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@ pub enum HirStatement {
     VarDecl(HirVarDeclStmt),
     If(HirIfStmt),
     While(HirWhileStmt),
+    For(HirForStmt),
     Break(HirBreakStmt),
     Continue(HirContinueStmt),
 }
@@ -67,6 +69,18 @@ pub struct HirWhileStmt {
     pub body: HirBlockStmt,
 }
 
+pub struct HirForStmt {
+    pub init: Option<HirForInit>,
+    pub condition: Option<HirExpr>,
+    pub update: Option<HirExpr>,
+    pub body: HirBlockStmt,
+}
+
+pub enum HirForInit {
+    Expr(HirExpr),
+    VarDecl(HirVarDeclStmt),
+}
+
 pub struct HirBreakStmt {
     pub span: Span,
 }
@@ -102,6 +116,11 @@ pub enum HirExprValue {
         op: UnaryOp,
         operand: Box<HirExpr>,
     },
+    IncDec {
+        op: crate::ast::types::IncDecOp,
+        operand: Box<HirExpr>,
+        is_prefix: bool,
+    },
     FuncCall(FunctionId, Vec<HirExpr>),
     Assign {
         lvalue: Box<HirExpr>,

src/sema/types.rs

@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ impl SemaType {
             SemaType::Array(elem, dims) => {
                 if dims.len() == 1 {
                     Some((**elem).clone())
+                } else if dims.first().is_some_and(|dim| *dim == 0) {
+                    Some(SemaType::Array(elem.clone(), dims[1..].to_vec()))
                 } else {
                     Some(SemaType::Array(elem.clone(), dims[1..].to_vec()))
                 }